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Improving Resistive RAM Hard and Soft Decision Correctable BERs by Using Improved-LLR and Reset-Check-Reverse-Flag Concatenating LDPC Code

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS II-EXPRESS BRIEFS 2020年第10期67卷 2164-2168页

作者： Ning, Sheyang Nantero Inc Dept Design Sunnyvale CA 94085 USA

In prior researches, low-density-parity-check (LDPC) code is applied on high-speed magnetic random-access-memory (MRAM) for a better correctable bit error rate (CBER). However, on another emerging memory, resistive random-access-memory (RRAM), reset hard breakdown errors have high-reliability log-likelihood ratio (LLR) which significantly degrades LDPC code soft decision CBER and decoding iterations. To solve this issue, two schemes, improved-LLR and reset-check-reverse-flag (RCRF) concatenating systematic LDPC code (RCRF + LDPC), are proposed. The first scheme increases soft decision CBER by using asymmetric LLRs for matching the distribution of reset hard breakdown errors. In addition, RCRF corrects at least one reset error per array subsection. So, both hard and soft decision CBERs are improved. The best performance is obtained by combining these proposals. The hard decision CBER is increased by more than 50% on a wide range of LDPC code options. Moreover, soft decision CBER is improved by 69% and 51%, respectively, on a 1KB codeword, 0.91 code rate quasi-cyclic-LDPC (QC-LDPC) code, and a 2KB codeword, 0.89 code rate Mackey's code.

关键词： Parity check codes Electric breakdown Error correction codes Flash memories Random access memory Proposals Encoding Error correction code low-density-parity-check RCRF resistive RAM concatenated coding

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A fast algorithm to estimate the distance spectrum of turbo codes and tail-biting turbo codes

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2003年第2-4期24卷 167-185页

作者： Scalise, S Ernst, H Bae, YJK DLR Inst Commun & Nav D-82230 Wessling Germany FRACTUS SA Barcelona 08190 Spain

The computational complexity required by the complete calculation of the distance spectrum of turbo codes, even limited to low weight input sequences, makes it too slow for practical purposes such as interleaver optimization or effective bit error rate bounding. In this paper, a fast algorithm for distance spectrum estimation purposes is presented. A comparison with complete computed spectra, theoretically derived spectra and results from previous works will be presented for both deterministic and uniform interleavers.

关键词： concatenated coding distance spectrum turbo codes tail-biting DVB-RCS

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Achievable performance of turbo codes over the correlated rician channel

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2003年第1期51卷 1-4页

作者： Vatta, F Montorsi, G Babich, F Univ Trieste DEEI I-34127 Trieste Italy Politecn Torino Dipartimento Elettron I-10129 Turin Italy

In this letter, the performance of turbo codes is evaluated through analysis and simulation over the Rice multiplicative fading channel. The analysis is conducted extending the results presented by Viterbi and Viterbi (1998) to the Rice multiplicative fading channel case. Simulation results are obtained using an extended version of the improved Jakes' channel simulator, first presented by Pop and Beaulieu (2001).

关键词： concatenated coding fading channels multipath channels simulation turbo codes

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Turbo punctured hybrid-ARQ strategies over OFDM systems

Turbo punctured hybrid-ARQ strategies over OFDM systems

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International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems/Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies

作者： Oteng-Amoako, K Nooshabadi, S Yuan, JH Univ New S Wales Sch Elect Engn & Telecommun Sydney NSW 2052 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)0780383737

In this paper, the performance of turbo hybrid-ARQ (HARQ) Type-I, Type-II and Type-III schemes are examined for wideband communications based on an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In addition, various non-linear clustering strategies for minimizing the effects of peak-to-average power (PAP) ratio are compared and examined based on their throughput performance.

关键词： information rate fading channels concatenated coding automatic repeat request

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On the enhancement of LDPC codes in the IEEE 802.16 physical layer

On the enhancement of LDPC codes in the IEEE 802.16 physical...

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IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2007)

作者： ElMahgoub, Khaled Nafie, Mohanlmed Univ Mississippi Elect Engn University MS 38677 USA Cairo Univ Dept Elect & Commun Giza Egypt

ISBN: (纸本)9781424403523

In this paper we study Low Density Party Check (LDPC) codes used in the IEEE 802.16 physical layer standard. We introduce two novel techniques to enhance the performance of such codes. In the first technique, we use the binary parity check matrix proposed in the IEEE 802.16 standard, and propose a novel parity check matrix for LDPC codes over GF(4) with the non-zero entries chosen to maximize the entropy. We show that our proposed code outperforms the binary code proposed in the IEEE 802.16 standard over both AWGN and SUI-3 channel model. In our second technique, we use a high rate LDPC code, in a concatenated coding structure, as an outer code, with a convolutional code as an inner code. We compare the performance of such a concatenated code with the commonly used one utilizing Reed-Solomon codes over the standard SUI-3 channel model, and show better performance.

关键词： LDPC WiMAX IEEE 802.16 coding concatenated coding

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Fast SD-Hamming Decoding in FPGA for High-Speed concatenated FEC for Optical Communication

Fast SD-Hamming Decoding in FPGA for High-Speed Concatenated...

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IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) on Advanced Technology for 5G Plus

作者： Zhang, Can Forchhammer, Soren Andersen, Jakob Dahl Mehmood, Tayyab Yankov, Metodi P. Larsen, Knud J. Tech Univ Denmark Dept Photon Engn Lyngby Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)9781728182988

In this paper, we consider fast decoding of soft-decision (SD) Hamming codes as inner codes in concatenated forward error-correction (FEC) schemes for high-speed optical communication. The goal is single FPGA implementations at speeds of 400 Gb/s and beyond. A low complexity maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability decoding is applied to a (128,120) Hamming code. Chase decoding of a (128,119) Hamming code is also implemented. The VHDL designs for both decoding schemes are presented. The FEC performance and FPGA resource utilization are investigated and compared. Synthesis results indicate that, both the Chase and the MAP decoder leave sufficient resources available to also accommodate a powerful outer hard decision code, on a single FPGA. Furthermore, MAP decoding of (128,120) Hamming code features lower hardware complexity and provides a higher data throughput.

关键词： Soft-decision Hamming codes Chase decoding concatenated coding MAP decoding VHDL FPGA

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Error floor behavior study of LDPC codes for concatenated codes design

Error floor behavior study of LDPC codes for concatenated co...

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2nd International Conference on Space Information Technology

作者： Chen Weigang Yin Liuguo Lu Jianhua Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780819469601

Error floor behavior of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes using quantized decoding algorithms is statistically studied with experimental results on a hardware evaluation platform. The results present the distribution of the residual errors after decoding failure and reveal that the number of residual error bits in a codeword is usually very small using quantized sum-product (SP) algorithm. Therefore, LDPC code may serve as the inner code in a concatenated coding system with a high code rate outer code and thus an ultra low error floor can be achieved. This conclusion is also verified by the experimental results.

关键词： low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes error floor sum-product (SP) algorithm concatenated coding

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Interleaving distances spectrum comparison between turbo-codes interleavers

Interleaving distances spectrum comparison between turbo-cod...

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European Conference on Wireless Technologies

作者： Balta, Horia El Assad, Safwan Politehnica Univ Timisoara Bd Vasile Parvan2 Timisoara 300223 Romania Univ Nantes Ecole Polytech F-44306 La Chantrerie France

ISBN: (纸本)9782960055153

In this paper the interleaving distances spectrum (IDS) is defined. The EDSs for random, block and pseudo-random interleavers are established. The theoretical EDSs for the random and square block interleavers are calculated. On the basis of the EDS, some parameters like the minimum interleaving distance and the spreading degree are defined and calculated. These parameters allow us to make a comparison between different and also same type interleavers.

关键词： concatenated coding interleaved coding permutations spectral analysis turbo-codes

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A Characterization of the Capacity of Online (causal) Binary Channels 15

A Characterization of the Capacity of Online (causal) Binary...

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47th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC) held as part of the Federated Computing Research Conference

作者： Chen, Zitan Jaggi, Sidharth Langberg, Michael Chinese Univ Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China Chinese Univ Hong Kong INC Hong Kong Peoples R China SUNY Buffalo Buffalo NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450335362

In the binary online (or "causal") channel coding model, a sender wishes to communicate a message to a receiver by transmitting a codeword x = (x(1), ... , x(n)) is an element of {0, 1}(n) bit by bit via a channel limited to at most pn corruptions. The channel is "online" in the sense that at the ith step of communication the channel decides whether to corrupt the ith bit or not based on its view so far, i.e., its decision depends only on the transmitted bits (x(1), ..., x(i)). This is in contrast to the classical adversarial channel in which the error is chosen by a channel that has full knowledge of the transmitted codeword x. In this work we study the capacity of binary online channels for two corruption models: the bit-flip model in which the channel may flip at most pn of the bits of the transmitted codeword, and the erasure model in which the channel may erase at most pn bits of the transmitted codeword. Specifically, for both error models we give a full characterization of the capacity as a function of p. The online channel (in both the bit-flip and erasure case) has seen a number of recent studies which present both upper and lower bounds on its capacity. In this work, we present and analyze a coding scheme that improves on the previously suggested lower bounds and matches the previously suggested upper bounds thus implying a tight characterization.

关键词： Online/Causal Jammer Adversarial Errors/Erasures Stochastic encoding concatenated coding

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Turbo decoding for high-rate concatenated parity-check codes on PRML channels

Turbo decoding for high-rate concatenated parity-check codes...

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International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2000)

作者： Sawaguchi, H Wolf, JK Hitachi Ltd Cent Res Lab Kokubunji Tokyo 1858601 Japan Univ Calif San Diego Ctr Magnet Recording Res La Jolla CA 92093 USA

A simple turbo decoding scheme is proposed for partial-response (PR) channels by using high-rate parity-check codes as an outer error-correction code (ECC), The use of the simple parity codes enables a simplified and high-speed implementation of the a posterior probability (APP) decoder. Its key feature is an iterative decoding step for the parallel concatenation of two parity-check outer codes connected via an interleaver, The parity iterative decoding can provide the high-rate parity-check outer codes with superior correction capability for random error-events, so it can help to reduce the decoding latency, The combination of the serial turbo decoding for a modified E-2 PR ((MEPR)-P-2) channel and the parity iterative decoding demonstrated a coding gain of 4-5 dB at a bit error rate of 1.0E-5 for a coding rate of 8/9.

关键词： concatenated coding turbo iterative decoding parity-check code partial response signaling

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