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A survey of algorithmic skeleton frameworks: high-level structured parallel programming enablers

SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2010年第12期40卷 1135-1160页

作者： Gonzalez-Velez, Horacio Leyton, Mario Robert Gordon Univ Sch Comp Aberdeen AB25 1HG Scotland Robert Gordon Univ IDEAS Res Inst Aberdeen AB25 1HG Scotland Univ Chile NIC Labs Santiago Chile

Structured parallel programs ought to be conceived as two separate and complementary entities: computation, which expresses the calculations in a procedural manner, and coordination, which abstracts the interaction and communication. By abstracting commonly used patterns of parallel computation, communication, and interaction, algorithmic skeletons enable programmers to code algorithms without specifying platform-dependent primitives. This article presents a literature review on algorithmic skeleton frameworks (ASKF), parallel software development environments furnishing a collection of parameterizable algorithmic skeletons, where the control flow, nesting, resource monitoring, and portability of the resulting parallel program is dictated by the ASKF as opposed to the programmer. Consequently, the ASKF can be positioned as high-level structured parallel programming enablers, as their systematic utilization permits the abstract description of programs and fosters portability by focusing on the description of the algorithmic structure rather than on its detailed implementation. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： algorithmic skeletons structured parallelism parallel constructs concurrent programming structures software patterns parallel computing

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Portable programming with RAPID

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 2019年第4期30卷 939-952页

作者： Angstadt, Kevin Wadden, Jack Weimer, Westley Skadron, Kevin Univ Michigan Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Univ Virginia Dept Comp Sci Charlottesville VA 22904 USA

As the hardware found within data centers becomes more heterogeneous, it is important to allow for efficient execution of algorithms across architectures. We present RAPID, a high-level programming language and combined imperative and declarative model for functionally-and performance-portable execution of sequential pattern-matching applications across CPUs, GPUs, Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and Micron's D480 AP. RAPID is clear, maintainable, concise, and efficient both at compile and run time. Language features, such as code abstraction and parallel control structures, map well to pattern-matching problems, providing clarity and maintainability. For generation of efficient runtime code, we present algorithms to convert RAPID programs into finite automata. Our empirical evaluation of applications in the ANMLZoo benchmark suite demonstrates that the automata processing paradigm provides an abstraction that is portable across architectures. We evaluate RAPID programs against custom, baseline implementations previously demonstrated to be significantly accelerated. We also find that RAPID programs are much shorter in length, are expressible at a higher level of abstraction than their handcrafted counterparts, and yield generated code that is often more compact.

关键词： Automata processing sequential pattern matching heterogeneous (hybrid) systems concurrent distributed and parallel languages concurrent programming structures patterns

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Adaptive structured parallelism for distributed heterogeneous architectures: a methodological approach with pipelines and farms

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CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2010年第15期22卷 2073-2094页

作者： Gonzalez-Velez, Horacio Cole, Murray Robert Gordon Univ Sch Comp Aberdeen AB25 1HG Scotland Robert Gordon Univ IDEAS Res Inst Aberdeen AB25 1HG Scotland Univ Edinburgh Sch Informat Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland

Algorithmic skeletons abstract commonly used patterns of parallel computation, communication, and interaction. Based on the algorithmic skeleton concept, structured parallelism provides a high-level parallel programming technique that allows the conceptual description of parallel programs while fostering platform independence and algorithm abstraction. This work presents a methodology to improve skeletal parallel programming in heterogeneous distributed systems by introducing adaptivity through resource awareness. As we hypothesise that a skeletal program should be able to adapt to the dynamic resource conditions over time using its structural forecasting information, we have developed adaptive structured parallelism (ASPARA). ASPARA is a generic methodology to incorporate structural information at compilation into a parallel program, which will help it to adapt at execution. ASPARA comprises four phases: programming, compilation, calibration, and execution. We illustrate the feasibility of this approach and its associated performance improvements using independent case studies based on two algorithmic skeletons-the task farm and the pipeline-evaluated in a non-dedicated heterogeneous multi-cluster system. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： structured parallelism algorithmic skeletons parallel patterns parallel programming concurrent programming structures cluster computing

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Python shared atomic data types

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2023年第12期53卷 2393-2407页

作者： Ren, Xiquan Anlianwanjia Dept Store Software Dev Jinan Peoples R China

Although atomicity plays a key role in data operations of shared variables in parallel computation, researchers haven't treated atomicity in Python in much detail. This study provides a novel approach to integrate the CPU-based atomic C APIs into Python shared variables by C Foreign Function Interface for Python (CFFI) on all major platforms and utilises Cython to optimise calculation in CPython. Evidence shows that the resulting product, Shared Atomic Enterprise (SAE), could accelerate data operations on shared data types to a large extent. These findings provide a solid evidence base for the massive utilisation of Python atomic operations in parallel computation and concurrent programming.

关键词： concurrent programming structures parallel programming languages Python atomicity

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Formalised Composition and Interaction for Heterogeneous Structured Parallelism

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PARALLEL programming 2018年第1期46卷 120-151页

作者： Goli, Mehdi Gonzalez-Velez, Horacio Robert Gordon Univ Aberdeen Scotland Natl Coll Ireland Dublin Ireland

Deployed through skeleton frameworks, structured parallelism yields a clear and consistent structure across platforms by distinctly decoupling computations from the structure in a parallel programme. Structured programming is a viable and effective means of providing the separation of concerns, as it subdivides a system into building blocks (modules, skids or components) that can be independently created, and then used in different systems to drive multiple functionalities. Depending on its defined semantic, each building block wraps a unit of computing function, where the valid assembly of these building blocks forms a high-level structural parallel programming model. This paper proposes a grammar to build block components to execute computational functions in heterogeneous multi-core architectures. The grammar is validated against three different families of computing models: skeleton-based, general purpose, and domain-specific. In conjunction with the protocol, the grammar produces fully instrumented code for an application suite using the skeletal framework FastFlow.

关键词： Structured parallelism Algorithmic skeletons Multi-core architectures Parallel programming Language constructs and features concurrent programming structures

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An Implementation of User-Level Processes using Address Space Sharing 34

An Implementation of User-Level Processes using Address Spac...

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34th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS)

作者： Hori, Atsushi Gerofi, Balazs Ishikawa, Yutaka RIKEN Ctr Computat Sci Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781728174457

There is a wide range of implementation approaches to multi-threading. User-level threads are efficient because threads can be scheduled by a user-defined scheduling policy that suits the needs of the specific application. However, user-level threads are unable to handle blocking system-calls efficiently. To the contrary, kernel-level threads incur large overhead during context switching. Kernel-level threads are scheduled by the scheduling policy provided by the OS kernel which is hard to customize to application needs. We propose a novel thread execution model, bi-level thread, that combines the best aspects of the two conventional thread implementations. A bi-level thread can be either a kernel-level thread or a user-level thread at runtime. Consequently, the context switching overhead of a bi-level thread is as low as that of user-level threads, but thread scheduling can be defined by user policies. Blocking system-calls, on the other hand, can be called as a kernel-level thread without blocking the execution of other user-level threads. Furthermore, the proposed bi-level thread is combined with an address space sharing technique which allows processes to share the same virtual address space. Processes sharing the same address space can be scheduled with the same technique as user-level threads, thus we call this implementation a user-level process. However, the main difference between threads and processes is that threads share most of the kernel state of the underlying process, such as process ID and file descriptors, whereas different processes do not. A user-level process must guarantee that the system-calls always access the appropriate kernel information that belongs to the particular process. We call this system-call consistency. In this paper, we show that the proposed bi-level threads, implemented in an address space sharing library, can resolve the blocking system-call issue of user-level threads, while at the same time it retains system-call consisten

关键词： Threads concurrent programming concurrent programming structures

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THE STRUCTURE AND SEMANTICS OF ACTOR LANGUAGES

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SCHOOL/WORKSHOP ON RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN concurrent SYSTEMS ORIENTED LANGUAGES

作者： AGHA, G Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1304 W. Springfield Avenue Urbana 61801 IL United States

ISBN: (纸本)354053931X

The actor model is developed as a foundation for concurrent object-oriented programming. The model provides for non-interference of state changes with multiple threads, inherent concurrency, reconfigurability, encapsulation of namespace, and weak fairness. The paper provides a survey of work in actor languages and can be divided into two areas: namely, formal aspects of the actor model and the structure of actor languages. We provide an abstract view of actor computations in terms of event diagrams and the laws of concurrent computing. The event diagrams can be given a semantics in terms of power domains. We then define the necessary constructs in a minimal actor language. This provides the building blocks for constructing a rich variety of concurrent computing structures. The second part of the paper shows how these higher level structures are built in terms of the actor primitives. In particular, this discussion illustrates how delayed evaluation, streams, continuations, higher-order functions, and other structures, can be built in terms of actor languages. We also note some experiences gained from the implementation of actor systems and argue for the potential advantages discovered by this work. Finally, we discuss some recent research on computational reflection. This work provides the ability to model control, and the ability to treat inheritance as a programmer defined method rather than a predefined linguistic object. The resulting flexibility is very much in the actor tradition of languages. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991.

关键词： CONCURRENCY MULTIPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES OBJECT-ORIENTED programming programming LANGUAGE THEORY concurrent programming structures DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS ACTORS

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