This paper presents the use of real-time digital simulator (RTDS) and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) methods for the validation of an energy management system designed for real low-voltage (LV) distribution networks with ...
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This paper presents the use of real-time digital simulator (RTDS) and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) methods for the validation of an energy management system designed for real low-voltage (LV) distribution networks with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. The system is used to address voltage violations and current overloading issues and allows the network operator to maintain safe and controllable network operations. The applied control strategy and the system software were verified by means of simulations. In this paper, the next stage of system validation using the HIL method is presented. A testbed was designed and developed to test the operation of prototype controllers of the system in flexible and reproducible conditions before installing them in the network. The presented testing platform not only includes the LV network simulator with the power amplifiers needed for closed-loop setup but also additional elements of a real network to which the system is dedicated, i.e., the advanced metering infrastructure, photovoltaic source, and energy storage inverters and load devices. Furthermore, the real cellular network of the distribution network operator is used in the communication between the controllers. In addition, the article contains discussions on communication issues, including limitations related to selected protocols. Finally, examples of the experimental validation of the controller prototypes are presented.
World electricity demand is continuously increasing and fossil fuel supplies are not sustainable. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the emerging resources around the world, which produces emission free electric...
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World electricity demand is continuously increasing and fossil fuel supplies are not sustainable. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the emerging resources around the world, which produces emission free electricity. Nowadays, the advancements in rooftop solar PV technology, government subsidies, decreasing capital cost and feed-in-tariffs have promoted installation in residential and commercial applications. The exponential uptake in widespread integration of PV systems in existing low voltage (LV) distribution networks is raising additional new challenges in terms of power quality, stability and protection. In LV distribution networks, poor power quality (PQ) is the most serious concern. Characteristically, LV distribution networks are not designed for significant back-feed of power generation to the main grid. Also, these networks are unbalanced in nature due to asymmetry in system impedances and single-phase loads. This together with a large number of small-scale PV system integrations in LV networks can cause poor PQ challenges in terms of voltage quality and harmonics. PV systems can themselves generate harmonics, due to the usage of power electronic inverters. In addition, the augmentation of power electronics based appliances; the loads are becoming voltage sensitive and nonlinear in nature. The proliferation of widespread PV penetrations and a multitude of nonlinear load characteristics can have a stringent impact on the network harmonic levels. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to investigate and understand the impacts of high PV systems penetration on PQ of the distribution network and aim to alleviate them. In the first part of this thesis, the investigation of voltage quality challenges in the LV distribution network with high PV penetration are discussed. In this research, various voltage quality issues such as voltage rise, unbalance, fluctuations/flicker and sag/swell issues have been explored. Primarily, the analysis of results
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