The requirements of data coding in multimedia applications are presented, the current technique of coding and relative standards is introduced, then the work that have been doing is presented, i.e. the wavelet-based c...
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The requirements of data coding in multimedia applications are presented, the current technique of coding and relative standards is introduced, then the work that have been doing is presented, i.e. the wavelet-based coding method and the VE (Visual Entropy)-based coding method. The experiment results prove that these methods have gained a better perceptual quality of a reconstructed image and a lower bit rate. Their performance evaluations are better than JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) coding. Finally, the future topics of study are put forward.
The possibility is discussed of constructing an efficient code which would allow the classification of unknown flint artifacts with mine sites based on trace element analysis. The proposed technique, based on the conc...
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The possibility is discussed of constructing an efficient code which would allow the classification of unknown flint artifacts with mine sites based on trace element analysis. The proposed technique, based on the concepts of Information Theory, allows the replacement of the infinite number code (i.e. the analytical results expressed in p.p.m.) by a simple alphabetic code, representing groups of values. The technique is applied to geochemical data obtained from fifteen British flint mines and the results are discussed.
In this paper we propose a new data coding scheme called color intersection coding (CIC). The feature of the CIC is that people may not perceive particular color arrangement in encoded image at a distance, and he/she ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479983391
In this paper we propose a new data coding scheme called color intersection coding (CIC). The feature of the CIC is that people may not perceive particular color arrangement in encoded image at a distance, and he/she can shoot encoded image to decode hidden data at close distance. Color intersection is a key technique to generate four sub-pixels to represent a target pixel in original image, and the average color of those sub-pixels is equal to that of the target pixel. During decoding process, shot image is divided into several non-overlapping blocks, and then the average color of every block is computed. Color arrangement of four adjacent blocks is determined as well as hidden data is decoded. The experiment results demonstrate that the CIC scheme not only can control color contrast of encoded image, but also preserves content completeness of encoded image.
This paper presents data coding techniques for a stable single-bit noise-shaping quantizer, which has a cascade structure of a multi-bit SigmaDelta modulator and a binary interpolator. The binary interpolator chooses ...
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This paper presents data coding techniques for a stable single-bit noise-shaping quantizer, which has a cascade structure of a multi-bit SigmaDelta modulator and a binary interpolator. The binary interpolator chooses a pre-optimized binary vector for each input sample and successively generates the chosen binary vector as an output bit stream. The binary vectors can have different lengths. The paper also proposes two methods to evaluate and bound output errors of a binary interpolator. A multi-bit SigmaDelta modulator is designed to cause no overload for all possible input signals whose amplitudes are bounded to a specified level, and thus the SigmaDelta modulator rigorously guarantees the stability condition. In design examples, we have evaluated Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratios (SNDRs) and noise spectra and then confirmed that our stable quantizers can sharply shape output noise spectra.
The quality of the information provided in post-transplant follow-up is necessary to obtain a coherent and exploitable database. Since the beginning of 2017, three forms (Med-B-allogroft) have been available: the firs...
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The quality of the information provided in post-transplant follow-up is necessary to obtain a coherent and exploitable database. Since the beginning of 2017, three forms (Med-B-allogroft) have been available: the first month (Day 0), Day 100 (second report) and an annual follow-up report. Recommendations for follow-up were addressed in the 2014 harmonization workshop, "Harmonization of data coding...". However, it is sometimes difficult to determine which data to specify in ProMISe for post-transplantation. The objective of this workshop was to clarify certain situations and/or items.
In this paper we propose a new data coding scheme called color intersection coding (CIC). The feature of the CIC is that people may not perceive particular color arrangement in encoded image at a distance, and he/she ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479983407
In this paper we propose a new data coding scheme called color intersection coding (CIC). The feature of the CIC is that people may not perceive particular color arrangement in encoded image at a distance, and he/she can shoot encoded image to decode hidden data at close distance. Color inter-section is a key technique to generate four sub-pixels to represent a target pixel in original image, and the average color of those sub-pixels is equal to that of the target pixel. During decoding process, shot image is divided into several non-overlapping blocks, and then the average color of every block is computed. Color arrangement of four adjacent blocks is determined as well as hidden data is decoded. The experiment results demonstrate that the CIC scheme not only can control color contrast of encoded image, but also preserves content completeness of encoded image.
Recently, the dominant way of analyzing allozyme data for phylogenetic estimation has been to code the presence or absence of alleles as characters, despite the invalidity of this method having been demonstrated over ...
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Recently, the dominant way of analyzing allozyme data for phylogenetic estimation has been to code the presence or absence of alleles as characters, despite the invalidity of this method having been demonstrated over 10 years ago. Adding to the previous arguments, four problems are discussed: (1) independent losses of relatively primitive alleles are considered as synapomorphies;(2) loci having a greater number of alleles are given a correspondingly higher weight in the tree reconstruction;(3) unnecessary character conflicts arise when no alleles are shared between the ingroup and outgroup;and (4) polymorphism in the outgroup may result in erroneous hypotheses. This coding method can result in the resolution of a less parsimonious solution than could be obtained by using the locus as the character. The ''mutation model'' of allozyme coding, which equates apomorphies with mutation events, is described and used in a four stage method for character-state evaluations, termed the ''quadraphenic evaluation procedure''. In order of preference these stages are: (1) taxonomic outgroup analysis;(2) functional outgroup analysis;(3) use of loss data, including shifts in gene frequency;and (4) nonadditive (unordered) evaluations. Conclusions drawn from the last two levels should not be used in taxonomy.
A data coding is presented in this paper for ZigBee-based wireless data communication system for future microgrids. It is assumed that each microgrid has a central controller and each distributed generation unit in th...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780646923758
A data coding is presented in this paper for ZigBee-based wireless data communication system for future microgrids. It is assumed that each microgrid has a central controller and each distributed generation unit in the microgrid has a local controller. The communication system is responsible for transmitting and receiving data amongst these controllers. This communication system is based on ZigBee technology, which has low cost and low power consumption. The required data to be transferred are defined and a suitable coding is also proposed. Finally, the number of transmitted symbols and the processing time delay of the proposed data coding are numerically analyzed.
The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is one of the most widely used markers for phylogenetic analysis. Compared with whole-genome data, mitogenome data are less expensive to obtain and easier to manipulate. However, ...
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The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is one of the most widely used markers for phylogenetic analysis. Compared with whole-genome data, mitogenome data are less expensive to obtain and easier to manipulate. However, compositional bias and accelerated evolutionary rate reduce the effectiveness of the mitogenome in determining insect phylogeny. This study shows that mitogenome data are not suitable to reconstruct deep holometabolan evolution, even with a most comprehensive data coding scheme and the more realistic CAT model. For the deep levels of divergence within Holometabola, protein-coding genes only retain weak phylogenetic signals, leading to peculiar interordinal relationships. Consensus relationships in the Holometabola phylogeny, such as the monophyly of Holometabola, the most basal position of Hymenoptera, and the sister group relationship between the Strepsiptera and Coleoptera were rarely resolved in our analyses. The relationships of the holometabolan groups as inferred by mitogenomes are highly vulnerable to gene types, data coding regimes, model choice, and optimality criteria, and no consistent alternative hypothesis of Holometabola's relationships is supported. Thus, we suggest that the slowly evolving nuclear genes or genome-scale approaches may be better options for resolving deep-level phylogeny of Holometabola.
Most empirical studies concerning rehabilitation yield numerous multidimensional, signals (dozens of time variables are obtained for dozens of empirical situations). The purpose of this paper is to suggest a statistic...
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Most empirical studies concerning rehabilitation yield numerous multidimensional, signals (dozens of time variables are obtained for dozens of empirical situations). The purpose of this paper is to suggest a statistical analysis procedure based on: 1) space-time fuzzy windowing;2) signal behavior characterization within the windows using membership value averages (MVA);and 3) MVA analysis using the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). A load lifting study provided an example of 78 multidimensional signals including 89 time variables (forces, energy indicators, linear and angular positions, speeds, and accelerations). The main goal of MCA was to compare and contrast biomechanical signals from two lifting modes: "free" and "isokinetic." In the first mode, three loads were tested-light, medium, and heavy. In the second, three speeds were tested-slow, medium, and fast. Thirteen male individuals without disabilities participated in this study. The MCA showed that most of the free load-lifting strategies cannot be used in isokinetic lifting because the constraints of the subject and the environment are different. In addition, as the level of difficulty increases, free lifting became more economical while isokinetic lifting became less economical. These results would appear to indicate that movement strategies used for free lifting, cannot be learned using an isokinetic machine during rehabilitation sessions for chronic low back pain. MCA was also suggested as a tool for comparing patients with control individuals. To achieve this aim, the notion of "supplementary data" was introduced.
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