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Discussion on "On the radiation resistance of a single vertical antenna at wave lengths below the fundamental" - "On the optimum transmitting wave length for a vertical antenna over perfect earth"

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF RADIO ENGINEERS 1925年第2期13卷 251-255页

作者： Ballatine, S van der Pol, B Philips Incandescent Lamp Works Eindhoven HOLLAND

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Multipath load-balancing delivery based on decisive energy ratio in wireless sensor networks

Multipath load-balancing delivery based on decisive energy r...

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11th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications

作者： Yang, ZK Yuan, LF Du, X Zhang, QF Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Wuhan 430074 Hubei Province Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)0769523463

Two multipath schemes have been put forward: primary/backup mode and replication mode. Both schemes have not efficiently combined load balancing and energy awareness in sensor networks. This paper proposes an energy-aware load-balancing delivery scheme. The packets can be transmitted along multiple paths according to Decisive Energy Ratio (DER). It needs not calculate DER periodically and brings fewer overheads. DER with Overload Avoidance (DEROA) is also proposed to avoid heavy traffic on some critical nodes. The simulations demonstrate how well DER will achieve multipath delivery.

关键词： Intelligent networks Wireless sensor networks density estimation robust algorithm Load management Routing Telecommunication traffic Traffic control Protocols Energy consumption Relays

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Experimental Study of Single Picosecond Light Pulses

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IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 1972年第3期8卷 328-338页

作者： Von Der Linde, Dietrich Department of Phyics. Technical University of Munich Munich Germany

Single picosecond light pulses from a mode-locked Nd: glass laser are Investigated by several methods. Their temporal structure is studied by two-photon fluorescence. The frequency spectra are measured quantitatively. The energy distribution is simultaneously investigated by three-photon fluorescence, photoelectric measurements, and quantitative studies of the contrast ratio of the two-photon fluorescence. The pulse shape is measured using a method based on the stimulated Raman effect. It is observed that the pulses are weakly asymmetric—the pulse decay is slower (exponential) than the pulse rise (Gaussian), Bandwidth-limited pulses of 4-8 ps are present in the leading part of the pulse train. Substantial frequency broadening develops as the pulse train reaches its maximum and a subpicosecond structure is formed in the trailing part of the pulse train. © 1972, IEEE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Laser mode locking Pulse measurements Fluorescence Optical pulses Space vector pulse width modulation Frequency modulation Frequency measurement Shape measurement Solid lasers density estimation robust algorithm

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Reactive Power Provision to TSO/DSO by Aggregators and Conventional Generators

Reactive Power Provision to TSO/DSO by Aggregators and Conve...

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IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)

作者： Ali, Jibran Massucco, Stefano Petretto, Giacomo Enel Global Thermal Generat Pisa Italy Univ Genoa DITEN Genoa Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781538609439

Reactive power management is one of the imperative ancillary services provided by TSO (Transmission System Operator). This reactive power imbalance mainly occurs at transmission levels, and TSO pays generators for managing reactive power. DSO (Distribution System Operator), DER (Distributed Energy Resources), and DG (Distributed Generators) cannot take part in this provision to TSO due to regulations, specifically in Italy. The paper discusses the needs for reactive power management, and comparison of different existing compensation techniques. It talks about the regulatory restrictions, and some proposals for changes, for participation in ancillary market. The paper then discusses about the use of DER as an aggregated virtual power plant to serve as reactive power compensation technique.

关键词： Reactive power Synchronous generators Capacitors Voltage control Power system stability Inverters Reactive power Synchronous generators Power system stability Voltage regulation Inventors Capacitors time sharing option density estimation robust algorithm dynamos

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A Distributed Strategy for Electricity Distribution Network Control in the face of DER Compromises 54

A Distributed Strategy for Electricity Distribution Network ...

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54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)

作者： Shelar, Devendra Giraldo, Jairo Amin, Saurabh MIT Dept Civil & Environm Engn CEE Cambridge MA 02139 USA Univ Los Andes Dept Elect & Elect Engn Bogota Colombia

ISBN: (纸本)9781479978861

We focus on the question of distributed control of electricity distribution networks in the face of security attacks to Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). Our attack model includes strategic manipulation of DER set-points by an external hacker to induce a sudden compromise of a subset of DERs connected to the network. We approach the distributed control design problem in two stages. In the first stage, we model the attacker-defender interaction as a Stackelberg game. The attacker (leader) disconnects a subset of DERs by sending them wrong set-point signals. The distribution utility (follower) response includes Volt-VAR control of non-compromised DERs and load control. The objective of the attacker (***) is to maximize (***) the weighted sum of the total cost due to loss of frequency regulation and the cost due to loss of voltage regulation. In the second stage, we propose a distributed control (defender response) strategy for each local controller such that, if sudden supply-demand mismatch is detected (for example, due to DER compromises), the local controllers automatically respond based on their respective observations of local fluctuations in voltage and frequency. This strategy aims to achieve diversification of DER functions in the sense that each uncompromised DER node either contributes to voltage regulation (by contributing reactive power) or to frequency regulation (by contributing active power). We illustrate the effectiveness of this control strategy on a benchmark network.

关键词： Decentralized control density estimation robust algorithm Frequency control Generators Load modeling Mathematical model Voltage control

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A New Compressed-Air Circuit Breaker for Arc-Furnace Switching Duty

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Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Part III: Power Apparatus and Systems 1953年第2期72.0卷 673-676页

作者： Schrameck, J.E. Walker, J.K. Westinghouse Electric Corporation East Pittsburgh Pa. United States

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Tests on Armature Resistance of Synchronous Machines

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Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1935年第7期54卷 705-709页

作者： Robertson, B.L. University of California Berkeley United States

Armature resistance of synchronous machines, although usually disregarded when making torque-angle and excitation calculations, must be taken into account when making an accurate analysis. Values of armature resistance obtained in a series of tests are presented in this paper, which is a companion paper to “Test Values of Armature Leakage Reactance” in this issue, pages 700–5. Discussion of test methods, the effect of pole form on losses, and the use of effective armature resistance in determining the vector diagram of the machine are included herein. COPYRIGHT 1935 by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

关键词： Synchronous machines Alternators density estimation robust algorithm Induction motors Synchronous motors Steady-state

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Architectural Exploration for On-chip, Online Learning in Spiking Neural Networks 14

Architectural Exploration for On-chip, Online Learning in Sp...

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14 International Symposium on Integrated Circuits (ISIC)

作者： Roy, Subhrajit Kar, Sougata Kumar Basu, Arindam Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781479948338

In the recent past there has been an increasing demand for area and energy efficient on-chip implementation of Machine Learning techniques. In this context we have proposed area and power optimized architectures for hardware implementation of a recently proposed supervised learning technique named Network Rewiring (NRW) for Dendritically Enhanced Readout(DER). We show that for the most optimized architecture there is a 8.5 times reduction in critical resources while the MAE has increased only by 1.76% compared to the non-optimized architecture. Moreover, for accommodating real-time training, we have also proposed an online version of the NRW rule. We also show that, though this online algorithm uses an averaging circuit having 4200 times lesser time constant compared to batch learning, yet it provides comparable performance due to the introduction of a voting mechanism.

关键词： circuit optimisation learning (artificial intelligence) neural chips DER NRW rule architectural exploration area optimized architectures dendritically enhanced readout machine learning techniques network rewiring nonoptimized architecture on-chip online learning power optimized architectures real-time training spiking neural networks supervised learning technique voting mechanism Calculators Computer architecture density estimation robust algorithm Hardware Liquids System-on-chip Training density estimation robust algorithm system-on-chip Neural network hardware Calculators Circuit optimization Computer Architecture Computer hardware liquids Functional training Learning methods

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Who has the 32? 71

Who has the 32?

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71st Annual Conference on Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)

作者： Kazimier, R. Benjamin Basler Elect Co Highland IL 62249 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538661277

The proliferation of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) has led to an increased number of utility interconnection requests. Utility interconnection agreements can be confusing to DER developers and are often misunderstood, not only in scope, but in spirit. In the case of co-ops and municipalities without a full engineering staff, these documents may not be well-understood internally. Still, once established, these guidelines must be followed or negotiated in an intelligent manner. One topic that is routinely questioned by DER developers and frequently required by the interconnection agreement is Directional Power (ANSI device number 32) protection. Therefore, it begs the question, “Who has the power?”

关键词： Power systems Power industry Production Companies Photovoltaic systems energy industries Power industry Photovoltaic systems power systems Companies density estimation robust algorithm Solar collectors municipality Developers

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Smart Distribution System Research in EPRI's Smart Grid Demonstration Initiative

Smart Distribution System Research in EPRI's Smart Grid Demo...

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General Meeting of the IEEE-Power-and-Energy-Society (PES)

作者： Wakefield, Matthew P. Elect Power Res Inst EPRI Palo Alto CA 94304 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781457710018

EPRI's Smart Grid Demonstration Initiative is focused on collaborating with electric utilities around the world and helping to advance the industry in regards to integrating Distributed Energy Resources (DER). An important aspect of these demonstration projects is the evolution of a smart distribution systems making integration of DER possible. A wide variety of factors play into every electric utilities strategy on deploying smart grid technologies including regulatory environment, age and functionality of existing assets, communication infrastructure, geography, reliability, cost to implement, and associated benefits. What appears to be a common technology implementation is actually very unique from one utility to the next and is therefore very important that the industry shares knowledge and lessons learned to help advance the industry. This paper provides several examples of integration approaches and early project results along with information on how to keep aware of the project status through 2014.

关键词： density estimation robust algorithm EPRI Economics Power industry Reliability Smart grids Standards communication infrastructure distributed energy resources electric utilities geography power distribution reliability regulatory environment smart distribution system smart grid demonstration initiative smart grid technologies smart power grids

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