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depth coding Using a Boundary Reconstruction Filter for 3-D Video Systems

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2011年第3期21卷 350-359页

作者： Oh, Kwan-Jung Vetro, Anthony Ho, Yo-Sung Samsung Adv Inst Technol Future IT Res Ctr Younggin Si 449712 Gyunggi Do South Korea Mitsubishi Elect Res Labs Cambridge MA 02139 USA Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol Informat & Commun Dept Kwangju 500712 South Korea

A depth image is 3-D information used for virtual view synthesis in 3-D video system. In depth coding, the object boundaries are hard to compress and severely affect the rendering quality since they are sensitive to coding errors. In this paper, we propose a depth boundary reconstruction filter and utilize it as an in-loop filter to code the depth video. The proposed depth boundary reconstruction filter is designed considering occurrence frequency, similarity, and closeness of pixels. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed depth boundary reconstruction filter is useful for efficient depth coding as well as high-quality 3-D rendering.

关键词： 3-D video depth boundary reconstruction filter depth coding view synthesis

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depth coding Based on depth-Texture Motion and Structure Similarities

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2015年第2期25卷 275-286页

作者： Lei, Jianjun Li, Shuai Zhu, Ce Sun, Ming-Ting Hou, Chunping Tianjin Univ Sch Elect Informat Engn Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Univ Washington Dept Elect Engn Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Elect Engn Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China

This paper addresses high performance depth coding in 3D video by making good use of its coded texture video counterpart. The relationship between the depth and its associated texture video in terms of coding mode and motion vector is carefully examined. Our statistical study suggests that the skip-coding mode and its associated motion vectors in the coded texture can be shared for depth coding by saving bit rate at the cost of little increase of distortion, which subsequently results in a nonsequential coding of the depth map. In this sense, coding/prediction of a block can be performed using the skip-coded blocks below and right, which are not available in the conventional sequential coding, thus producing the so-called omnidirectional blocks predicted in the intra-coding by making the best use of (at most) four neighboring blocks. Moreover, in view of the depth-texture structure similarity, a depth-texture cooperative clustering-based prediction method is proposed for cluster-based depth prediction in the intra-coding, which exploits the structure similarity for the current coding block and its neighboring pixels around the block. On the other hand, some large prediction errors may be present for the depth-texture misaligned pixels, which may greatly compromise the coding performance. To deal with these large residuals induced by the depth-texture misalignment, a simple yet effective detection and rectification approach is incorporated in the proposed depth coding scheme. Experimental results show that our proposed depth coding scheme achieves superior rate-distortion performance compared with other relevant coding methods.

关键词： 3D video depth coding depth-texture misalignment intra-coding prediction

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Highly Efficient Multiview depth coding Based on Histogram Projection and Allowable depth Distortion

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2021年 30卷 402-417页

作者： Zhang, Yun Zhu, Linwei Hamzaoui, Raouf Kwong, Sam Ho, Yo-Sung Chinese Acad Sci Shenzhen Inst Adv Technol Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China De Montfort Univ Sch Engn & Sustainable Dev Fac Comp Engn & Media Leicester LE1 9BH Leics England City Univ Hong Kong Dept Comp Sci Hong Kong Peoples R China Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Gwangju 500712 South Korea

Mismatches between the precisions of representing the disparity, depth value and rendering position in 3D video systems cause redundancies in depth map representations. In this paper, we propose a highly efficient multiview depth coding scheme based on depth Histogram Projection (DHP) and Allowable depth Distortion (ADD) in view synthesis. Firstly, DHP exploits the sparse representation of depth maps generated from stereo matching to reduce the residual error from INTER and INTRA predictions in depth coding. We provide a mathematical foundation for DHP-based lossless depth coding by theoretically analyzing its rate-distortion cost. Then, due to the mismatch between depth value and rendering position, there is a many-to-one mapping relationship between them in view synthesis, which induces the ADD model. Based on this ADD model and DHP, depth coding with lossless view synthesis quality is proposed to further improve the compression performance of depth coding while maintaining the same synthesized video quality. Experimental results reveal that the proposed DHP based depth coding can achieve an average bit rate saving of 20.66% to 19.52% for lossless coding on Multiview High Efficiency Video coding (MV-HEVC) with different groups of pictures. In addition, our depth coding based on DHP and ADD achieves an average depth bit rate reduction of 46.69%, 34.12% and 28.68% for lossless view synthesis quality when the rendering precision varies from integer, half to quarter pixels, respectively. We obtain similar gains for lossless depth coding on the 3D-HEVC, HEVC Intra coding and JPEG2000 platforms.

关键词： Encoding Image coding Three-dimensional displays Distortion Rendering (computer graphics) Solid modeling Bit rate Lossless coding depth coding HEVC depth histogram projection allowable depth distortion view synthesis

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Low Complexity depth coding Assisted by coding Information From Color Video

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING 2014年第1期60卷 128-133页

作者： Shen, Liquan An, Ping Liu, Zhi Zhang, Zhaoyang Shanghai Univ Key Lab Adv Display & Syst Applicat Minist Educ Shanghai 200072 Peoples R China Shanghai Univ Sch Commun & Informat Engn Shanghai 200072 Peoples R China

Recently, color plus depth map format 3-D video has been introduced as a new 3-D scene representation format, which gains the attention for its relatively low storage and transmission bandwidth requirement in comparison to the multiview video system. Usually, encoding of the color video and the depth data uses two traditional H. 264 encoders. The complexity and hardware requirements to code one 2-D view and its associated depth data are nearly two times higher than coding one 2-D view. In this paper, we address the reduction of complexity of depth coding. Since both color videos and depth maps represent the same scene at the same time instant, it is likely for each macroblock to have similar coding information including the prediction mode and motion vectors. Taking advantage of correlations between coding information from depth maps and color videos, we propose a low complexity depth coding algorithm incorporating a fast motion search method and a fast mode decision method. Results show that the proposed algorithm reduces 80% computational complexity with a negligible loss of coding efficiency in comparison with the original Joint Multiview Video coding encoder.

关键词： 3-D video depth coding mode decision

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Just noticeable disparity error-based depth coding for three-dimensional video

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OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2014年第7期53卷 073101-1-073101-6页

作者： Luo, Lei Tian, Xiang Chen, Yaowu Chongqing Univ Posts & Telecommun Natl Mobilizat Ctr Army Civilian Terminal Equipme Chongqing 400065 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Inst Adv Digital Technol & Instrumentat Hangzhou 310027 Peoples R China

A just noticeable disparity error (JNDE) measurement to describe the maximum tolerated error of depth maps is proposed. Any error of depth value inside the JNDE range would not cause a noticeable distortion observed by human eyes. The JNDE values are used to preprocess the original depth map in the prediction process during the depth coding and to adjust the prediction residues for further improvement of the coding quality. The proposed scheme can be incorporated in any standardized video coding algorithm based on prediction and transform. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a 34% bit rate saving for depth video coding. Moreover, the perceptual quality of the synthesized view is also improved by the proposed method. (C) 2014 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

关键词： three-dimensional video depth coding just noticeable disparity error multiview video plus depth

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HEVC-based three-layer texture and depth coding for lossless synthesis in 3D video coding

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2020年第29-30期79卷 20929-20945页

作者： Lee, Jin Young Park, Hyun Wook Sejong Univ Sch Intelligent Mechatron Engn Seoul South Korea Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol KAIST Dept Elect Engn Daejeon South Korea

Efficient lossless coding of a texture image and its corresponding depth map is important to perform accurate view synthesis in 3D applications. In this paper, a novel HEVC-based three-layer texture and depth coding method is proposed for lossless synthesis in 3D video coding. The proposed method performs lossy and lossless texture coding in the first and second layers, respectively. A quantization parameter (QP) in the first lossy coding layer is adaptively selected for each block, based on a relationship between the first and second layers. In the third layer, the lossy depth coding is performed by using synthesis-based depth coding and texture-based depth intra prediction mode. The synthesis-based depth coding technique adopts the lossy coding but guarantees zero synthesis distortion. The texture-based depth intra prediction mode performs the depth prediction by using the associated texture information. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method obtains higher coding performance than conventional lossless coding methods.

关键词： 3D video coding depth coding HEVC Lossless coding Lossless synthesis

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Advanced texture and depth coding in 3D-HEVC

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2018年 50卷 83-92页

作者： Lin, Jian-Liang Chen, Yi-Wen Chang, Yu -Lin An, Jicheng Zhang, Kai Huang, Yu-Wen Lei, Shawmin MediaTek Hsinchu Taiwan

The 3D extension of High Efficiency Video coding (3D-HEVC) is a new international video coding standard developed by the Joint Collaborative Team on 3D Video coding Extensions (JCT-3V) in order to support coding of multiple views and its associated depth data. 3D-HEVC aims at improving the coding efficiency of 3D and multi-view videos by introducing new coding tools to utilize the correlations between views and between texture and depth components. In this paper, an inter-view motion prediction (inter-view merge candidate) and an inter component motion prediction (texture merge candidate) are proposed to explore the inter-view and the inter component redundancies for texture and depth components, respectively. Moreover, a new coding mode termed as single depth mode which simply reconstructs a coding block with a single depth value based on block merging scheme under the HEVC quad-tree based block partitioning is also introduced. All the proposed schemes are adopted in 3D-HEVC. The experimental results evaluated under the common test conditions (CTC) for developing 3D-HEVC show that the proposed inter-view merge candidate, texture merge candidate, and single depth mode achieve significant BD-rate reductions of 19.5% for dependent texture views and 8.3% for the synthesized texture views.

关键词： 3D-HEVC Inter-view motion prediction Disparity derivation depth coding

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depth coding using depth Discontinuity Prediction and in-loop Boundary Reconstruction Filtering

Depth Coding using Depth Discontinuity Prediction and in-loo...

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IEEE Visual Communications and Image Processing Conference

作者： Farrugia, Reuben A. Hili, Maverick Univ Malta Dept CCE Msida Malta

ISBN: (纸本)9781479961399

This paper presents a depth coding strategy that employs K-means clustering to segment the sequence of depth images into K clusters. The resulting clusters are losslessly compressed and transmitted as supplemental enhancement information to aid the decoder in predicting macroblocks containing depth discontinuities. This method further employs an in-loop boundary reconstruction filter to reduce distortions at the edges. The proposed algorithm was integrated within both H.264/AVC and H.264/MVC video coding standards. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the state of the art depth coding schemes, where rendered Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) gains between 0.1 dB and 0.5 dB were observed.

关键词： Boundary Reconstruction Filter depth coding depth Discontinuity Prediction H.264/AVC H.264/MVC

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Efficient Estimation of View Synthesis Distortion for depth coding Optimization

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA 2019年第4期21卷 863-874页

作者： Yang, Meng Zhu, Ce Lan, Xuguang Zheng, Nanning Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Inst Artificial Intelligence & Robot Xian 710049 Shaanxi Peoples R China Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Natl Engn Lab Visual Informat Proc & Applicat Xian 710049 Shaanxi Peoples R China Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Informat & Commun Engn Chengdu 611731 Sichuan Peoples R China

depth coding in depth-based three-dimensional (3-D) video is unique in that its quality is measured by view synthesis distortion (VSD) rather than the depth distortion itself, which further complicates the coding optimization as the VSD is related to quality of both the associated depth and texture videos. In this paper, an efficient VSD estimation scheme is developed to measure the effect of depth errors on the VSD for a block given its depth distortion in mean-squared error. Unlike other relevant VSD models which involve computationally intensive parameter training or Fourier transform, the proposed scheme is free of parameter training, while taking the advantage of integer 4 x 4 discrete Cosine transform to replace Fourier transform, thus well-saving computational cost and diminishing sensitivity to training dataset of video. The proposed scheme is then incorporated on the coding unit basis into the rate-distortion optimization for depth coding optimization, coupled with adapting quantization parameter accordingly to accommodate local effect of the depth errors on the VSD. Experimental results show that our solution obtains better results in depth coding than three testing solutions, on the platform of H.264/AVC reference software JM16.0. Benefiting from the efficiency of the VSD estimation, low coding complexity is obtained as well. The proposed solution is further evaluated on the reference software HTM13.0 of the latest 3-D high-efficiency video coding standard, exhibiting better and comparable results compared against the HTM codec with the view synthesis optimization disabled and enabled, respectively.

关键词： 3D video depth coding view synthesis distortion H.264/AVC 3D-HEVC rate-distortion optimization

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Efficient depth coding in 3D video to minimize coding bitrate and complexity

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2014年第2期72卷 1639-1652页

作者： Shen, Liquan Zhang, Zhaoyang Shanghai Univ Key Lab Adv Display & Syst Applicat Minist Educ Shanghai 200072 Peoples R China

In three-dimensional video (3DV) coding, color videos and depth maps both need to be coded. Usually, two-channel coding method is used in the system of 3DV coding which encodes color videos and depth maps based on two parallel codec implements. The complexity and hardware requirements are nearly two times higher than coding the 2D color video. Meanwhile, depth maps in 3DV usually are estimated from color video data and the estimated depth itself can be very noisy. In this paper, we propose fast and effective depth coding to minimize depth coding bitrate and the coding complexity. The 3 x 3 bilateral filter is first utilized to pre-process depth maps to reduce noises from the depth estimation procedure, and thus unnecessary bits to code depth noises can be reduced. Meanwhile, there is a high correlation among motion information from color videos and depth maps. coding information including motion vectors and the prediction mode is drawn from the color video to accelerate the mode decision procedure of depth coding and reduce the temporal variation of depth maps. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce 70% computational complexity of depth coding and 20% depth bitrate.

关键词： depth coding Low-complexity Mode decision Color video-depth correlation

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