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The coordination between train traffic controllers and train drivers: a distributed cognition perspective on railway

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cognition TECHNOLOGY & WORK 2019年第3期21卷 417-443页

作者： Andreasson, Rebecca Jansson, Anders A. Lindblom, Jessica Uppsala Univ Box 337 S-75105 Uppsala Sweden Univ Skovde Box 408 S-54128 Skovde Sweden

Although there has long been a call for a holistic systems perspective to better understand real work in the complex domain of railway traffic, prior research has not strongly emphasised the socio-technical perspective. In operational railway traffic, the successful planning and execution of the traffic are the product of the socio-technical system comprised by both train drivers and traffic controllers. This paper presents a study inspired by cognitive ethnography with the aim to characterise the coordinating activities that are conducted by train traffic controllers and train drivers in the work practices of the socio-technical system of Swedish railway. The theoretical framework of distributed cognition (DCog) is used as a conceptual and analytical tool to make sense of the complex railway domain and the best practices as they are developed and performed in the wild. The analysis reveals a pattern of collaboration and coordination of actions among the workers and we introduce the concept of enacted actionable practices as a key concern for understanding how a successfully executed railway traffic emerges as a property of the socio-technical system. The implications for future railway research are briefly discussed.

关键词： distributed cognition DCog Railway Rail human factors

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From ethnography to the EAST method: A tractable approach for representing distributed cognition in Air Traffic Control

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ERGONOMICS 2010年第2期53卷 184-197页

作者： Walker, Guy H. Stanton, Neville A. Baber, Chris Wells, Linda Gibson, Huw Salmon, Paul Jenkins, Daniel Heriot Watt Univ Def Technol Ctr Human Factors Integrat Sch Built Environm Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland Univ Southampton Sch Civil & Environm Engn Southampton SO9 5NH Hants England Univ Birmingham Sch Elect & Elect Engn Birmingham B15 2TT W Midlands England Aerosyst Int Yeovil England Monash Univ MU ARC Melbourne Vic 3004 Australia

Command and control is a generic activity involving the exercise of authority over assigned resources, combined with planning, coordinating and controlling how those resources are used. The challenge for understanding this type of activity is that it is not often amenable to the conventional experimental/methodological approach. Command and control tends to be multi-faceted (so requires more than one method), is made up of interacting socio and technical elements (so requires a systemic approach) and exhibits aggregate behaviours that emerge from these interactions (so requires methods that go beyond reductionism). In these circumstances a distributed cognition approach is highly appropriate yet the existing ethnographic methods make it difficult to apply and, for non-specialist audiences, sometimes difficult to meaningfully interpret. The Event Analysis for Systemic Teamwork method is put forward as a means of working from a distributed cognition perspective but in a way that goes beyond ethnography. A worked example from Air Traffic Control is used to illustrate how the language of social science can be translated into the language of systems analysis. Statement of Relevance: distributed cognition provides a highly appropriate conceptual response to complex work settings such as Air Traffic Control. This paper deals with how to realise those benefits in practice without recourse to problematic ethnographic techniques.

关键词： distributed cognition air traffic control command and control situational awareness

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Medication errors in residential aged care facilities: A distributed cognition analysis of the information exchange process

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INFORMATICS 2013年第5期82卷 299-312页

作者： Tariq, Amina Georgiou, Andrew Westbrook, Johanna Univ New S Wales Ctr Hlth Syst & Safety Res Sydney NSW Australia

Background: Medication safety is a pressing concern for residential aged care facilities (RACFs). Retrospective studies in RACF settings identify inadequate communication between RACFs, doctors, hospitals and community pharmacies as the major cause of medication errors. Existing literature offers limited insight about the gaps in the existing information exchange process that may lead to medication errors. The aim of this research was to explicate the cognitive distribution that underlies RACF medication ordering and delivery to identify gaps in medication-related information exchange which lead to medication errors in RACFs. Methods: The study was undertaken in three RACFs in Sydney, Australia. Data were generated through ethnographic field work over a period of five months (May-September 2011). Triangulated analysis of data primarily focused on examining the transformation and exchange of information between different media across the process. Results: The findings of this study highlight the extensive scope and intense nature of information exchange in RACF medication ordering and delivery. Rather than attributing error to individual care providers, the explication of distributed cognition processes enabled the identification of gaps in three information exchange dimensions which potentially contribute to the occurrence of medication errors namely: (1) design of medication charts which complicates order processing and record keeping (2) lack of coordination mechanisms between participants which results in misalignment of local practices (3) reliance on restricted communication bandwidth channels mainly telephone and fax which complicates the information processing requirements. The study demonstrates how the identification of these gaps enhances understanding of medication errors in RACFs. Conclusions: Application of the theoretical lens of distributed cognition can assist in enhancing our understanding of medication errors in RACFs through identification of gaps

关键词： Aged care Medication ordering Information exchange distributed cognition Community pharmacy

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Human distributed cognition from an Organism-in-Its-Environment Perspective

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BIOSEMIOTICS 2017年第2期10卷 265-278页

作者： Cardenas-Garcia, Jaime F. Ireland, Timothy Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty Dept Mech Engn 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore MD 21250 USA Univ Kent Kent Sch Architecture Marlowe Bldg Canterbury CT2 7NR Kent England

The organism-in-its-environment is recognized as the basic unit of analysis when dealing with living beings. This paper seeks to define the fundamental implications of the concept of the organism-in-its-environment in terms of the biosemiotic concept of human distributed cognition. Human distributed cognition in a biosemiotic context is defined as the ability of a self-referencing organism-in-its-environment to interact with its environment to satisfy its physiological (internal and external) and social needs to survive and sustain itself. The ontogenetic development of the organism-in-its-environment serves as the backdrop to discover the implications of distributed cognition that have general applicability in organisms, but in this paper, are made relevant to human beings.

关键词： Organism-in-its-environment distributed cognition Ecology

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The Impact of Human-Technology Cooperation and distributed cognition in Forensic Science: Biasing Effects of AFIS Contextual Information on Human Experts*

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JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2012年第2期57卷 343-352页

作者： Dror, Itiel E. Wertheim, Kasey Fraser-Mackenzie, Peter Walajtys, Jeff UCL Inst Cognit Neurosci London England CCI London England CCW Bridgeport WV USA Univ Southampton Sch Management Southampton Hants England

Experts play a critical role in forensic decision making, even when cognition is offloaded and distributed between human and machine. In this paper, we investigated the impact of using Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) on human decision makers. We provided 3680 AFIS lists (a total of 55,200 comparisons) to 23 latent fingerprint examiners as part of their normal casework. We manipulated the position of the matching print in the AFIS list. The data showed that latent fingerprint examiners were affected by the position of the matching print in terms of false exclusions and false inconclusives. Furthermore, the data showed that false identification errors were more likely at the top of the list and that such errors occurred even when the correct match was present further down the list. These effects need to be studied and considered carefully, so as to optimize human decision making when using technologies such as AFIS.

关键词： forensic science AFIS contextual effects distributed cognition cognitive influences technology decision making bias

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Discussion note: distributed cognition in epistemic cultures

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PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2002年第4期69卷 637-644页

作者： Giere, RN Univ Minnesota Dept Philosophy Ctr Philosophy Sci Minneapolis MN 55455 USA

In Epistemic Cultures (1999), Karin Knorr Cetina argues that different scientific fields exhibit different epistemic cultures. She claims that in high energy physics (HEP) individual persons are displaced as epistemic subjects in favor of experiments themselves. In molecular biology (MB), by contrast, individual persons remain the primary epistemic subjects. Using Ed Hutchins' (1995) account of navigation aboard a traditional US Navy ship as a prototype, I argue that both HEP and MB exhibit forms of distributed cognition. That is, in both fields cognition is distributed across individual persons and complex artifacts. The cognitive system producing the knowledge is heterogeneous. Nevertheless, in both fields we can reserve epistemic agency for the human components of these systems. We do not need to postulate new distributed cognitive agents, let alone ones exhibiting new forms of consciousness.

关键词： .experiments navigation components nevertheless molecular biology distributed cognition exhibit cognitive system distributed cognitive Knorr Cetina high energy physics HEP aboard Navy ship reprints

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Entropy, prediction and the cultural ecosystem of human cognition A challenge to the union of distributed cognition and predictive processing

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SYNTHESE 2023年第3期201卷 94页

作者： Velasco, Pablo Fernandez Trinity Coll Dublin Dept Philosophy Dublin Ireland

Major proponents of both distributed cognition and Predictive Processing have argued that the two theoretical frameworks are strongly compatible. An important conjecture supporting the union of the two frameworks is that cultural practices tend to reduce entropy -that is, to increase predictability- at all scales in a cultural cognitive ecosystem. This conjecture connects distributed cognition with Predictive Processing because it shows how cultural practices facilitate prediction. The present contribution introduces the following challenge to the union of distributed cognition and Predictive Processing: the problem of entropic cultural practices. The problem lies in the existence of multiple cultural practices that tend to increase entropy instead of reducing it. This paper discusses these entropic cultural practices and the nature of the problem at hand. Finally, the paper advances an expanded conception of cultural practices that could unite the two frameworks and explores the difficulties of committing to such a conception.

关键词： Entropy distributed cognition Predictive Processing Culture Cultural Practices

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Using PVS to support the analysis of distributed cognition systems

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INNOVATIONS IN SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2015年第2期11卷 113-130页

作者： Masci, Paolo Curzon, Paul Furniss, Dominic Blandford, Ann Queen Mary Univ London Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci London England UCL UCLIC UCL Interact Ctr London England

The rigorous analysis of socio-technical systems is challenging, because people are inherent parts of the system, together with devices and artefacts. In this paper, we report on the use of PVS as a way of analysing such systems in terms of distributed cognition. distributed cognition is a conceptual framework that allows us to derive insights about plausible user trajectories in socio-technical systems by exploring what information in the environment provides resources for user action, but its application has traditionally required substantial craft skill. DiCoT adds structure and method to the analysis of socio-technical systems from a distributed cognition perspective. In this work, we demonstrate how PVS can be used with DiCoT to conduct a systematic analysis. We illustrate how a relatively simple use of PVS can help a field researcher to (i) externalise assumptions and facts, (ii) verify the consistency of the logical argument framed in the descriptions, (iii) help uncover latent situations that may warrant further investigation, and (iv) verify conjectures about potential hazards linked to the observed use of information resources. Evidence is also provided that formal methods and empirical studies are not alternative approaches for studying a socio-technical system, but that they can complement and refine each other. The combined use of PVS and DiCoT is illustrated through a case study concerning a real-world emergency medical dispatch system.

关键词： Formal analysis Higher-order logic PVS distributed cognition DiCoT Socio-technical systems

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Understanding collaborative learning activities in an information ecology: A distributed cognition account

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COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2014年第Dec.期41卷 544-553页

作者： Vasiliou, Christina Ioannou, Andri Zaphiris, Panayiotis Cyprus Univ Technol Cyprus Interact Lab Dept Multimedia & Graph Arts 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Str CY-3036 Limassol Cyprus

Collaborative learning encloses a diversity of activities, interactions, and practices. Thus, designing a learning environment potentially enhanced with technology, to support collaborative learning, is not an easy task. Using an in-class exploration involving four multidisciplinary teams, this research seeks to understand collaborative design activities within "InfoSpace" - an information ecology. That is, a collocated space enriched with a multiple interlinked heterogeneous technologies. The aim of the study is to explore how an information ecology works as an integrated cognitive system, through the lenses of distributed cognition. Through the analysis we constructed a detailed account of the information flow, physical layout and artefact models. We claim that distributed cognition framework can provide a lens for understanding interactions among learners, tasks, and tools in collocated technology enhanced learning environments. Furthermore, the analysis provides valuable insights on how the design of the information ecology supports collaboration and coordination. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Information ecology Shared workspaces Collaborative learning distributed cognition Collocated learning

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Representing distributed cognition in socio-technical systems

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016年第19期49卷 212-215页

作者： Stanton, Neville A Transportation Research Group University of Southampton Building 176 Boldrewood Innovation Campus Burgess Road SouthamptonSO16 7QF United Kingdom

distributed cognition is characterised by multiple ‘agents’ (both human and technological) working together in pursuit of common goals for which high levels of communication and coordination are required. The dynamic nature of transportation means the cognitive functions change moment-by- moment, in light of changes in the task, environment and interactions. It is argued in this paper that the EAST method is able to represent the complexity of distributed cognition using a network of networks approach. This systems paradigm provides the necessary foundations and methods to explore the non- linearity experienced in complex, highly automated, socio-technical systems, such as those found in ground, maritime and aviation transportation. © 2016

关键词： Complex networks Automation Networks (circuits) Transportation Cognitive functions distributed cognition Dynamic nature Network of networks Sociotechnical systems supervision

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