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Conference on Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy V

作者： Evans, Janet D. Plante, Raymond L. Bonaventura, Nina Busko, Ivo Cresitello-Dittmar, Mark D'Abrusco, Raffaele Doe, Stephen Ebert, Rick Laurino, Omar Pevunova, Olga Refsdal, Brian Thomas, Brian Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys 60 Garden St Cambridge MA 02138 USA Univ Illinois Urbana Champaign 601 John St Champaign IL 61820 USA Space Telescope Sci Inst 3700 San Martin Dr Baltimore MD 21218 USA Infrared Proc & Anal Ctr 770 S Wilson Ave Pasadena CA 91125 USA Natl Optic Astron Observ 950 Cherry Ave Tucson MA 85719 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819491503

The U.S. Virtual Astronomical Observatory (VAO) is a product-driven organization that provides new scientific research capabilities to the astronomical community. Software development for the VAO follows a lightweight framework that guides development of science applications and infrastructure. Challenges to be overcome include distributed development teams, part-time efforts, and highly constrained schedules. We describe the process we followed to conquer these challenges while developing Iris, the VAO application for analysis of 1-D astronomical spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Iris was successfully built and released in less than a year with a team distributed across four institutions. The project followed existing International Virtual Observatory Alliance inter-operability standards for spectral data and contributed a SED library as a by-product of the project. We emphasize lessons learned that will be folded into future development efforts. In our experience, a well-defined process that provides guidelines to ensure the project is cohesive and stays on track is key to success. Internal product deliveries with a planned test and feedback loop are critical. Release candidates are measured against use cases established early in the process, and provide the opportunity to assess priorities and make course corrections during development. Also key is the participation of a stakeholder such as a lead scientist who manages the technical questions, advises on priorities, and is actively involved as a lead tester. Finally, frequent scheduled communications (for example a bi-weekly tele-conference) assure issues are resolved quickly and the team is working toward a common vision.

关键词： software management distributed development Iris SED Virtual Astronomical Observatory VAO

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Cost modeling of distributed team processes for global development and Software-Intensive Systems of Systems

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Software Process: Improvement and Practice 2008年第1期13卷

作者： Raymond J. Madachy University of Southern California Center for Systems and Software Engineering 941 W. 37th Place Los Angeles CA USA

distributed team processes are becoming more pervasive because of geographically distributed development and complex Software-Intensive Systems of Systems (SISOS) with many layers of breadth and depth. Software is developed collaboratively in multiple locations around the world, and projects are being contracted out in whole or in part for economic leverage. Systems are becoming larger and more complex, leading to distributed processes at many levels. Projects are often split among distributed teams, where the teams contribute different portions of work per phase to take advantage of their skill sets and rates. Thus there is a need for new parametric cost estimation models where effort multipliers are phase sensitive. Working with industrial partners, a set of constructive cost models have been extended to better estimate distributed teams where work is allocated by phase, rather than just along the lines of specific functionality. The distributed development models allow for work distribution by phase per team (and per module), different environmental characteristics of the teams, localized labor categories, calendars, compensation rates, and currencies for costing. They also use a generalized scheme for user-defined global life-cycle processes that include calibrated effort and schedule distributions. Representative examples show the models being used for global development and SISOS scenarios. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： distributed teams distributed development system-of-systems (SoS) global development distributed team processes cost estimation parametric cost modeling Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) Detailed COCOMO phase-sensitive effort multipliers software life cycles labor distribution subcontracting

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Software release management for component-based software

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2003年第1期33卷 77-98页

作者： van der Hoek, A Wolf, AL Univ Calif Irvine Inst Software Res Dept Informat & Comp Sci Irvine CA 92612 USA Univ Colorado Software Engn Res Lab Dept Comp Sci Boulder CO 80309 USA

Software release management is the process through which software is made available to and obtained by its users. Until now, this process has been relatively straightforward. However, the emergence of component-based software is complicating software release management. Increasingly, software is constructed via the assembly of pre-existing, independently produced, and independently released components. Both developers and users of such software are affected by these complications. Developers need to accurately document the complex and changing dependencies among the components constituting the software. Users must be involved in locating, retrieving, and assembling components in order to appropriately bring the software into their particular environment. In this paper, we introduce the problem of release management for component-based software and discuss SRM, a prototype software release management tool we have developed that supports both developers and users in the software release management process. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

关键词： software release management components component-based software distributed development software deployment

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Participatory design in OSS development: interpretive case studies in company and community OSS development contexts

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BEHAVIOUR & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2011年第3期30卷 309-323页

作者： Iivari, Netta Univ Oulu Dept Informat Proc Sci Oulu 90014 Finland

This article examines distributed participatory design in open source software (OSS) development. User participation is becoming a relevant topic of research in the OSS development context. Though it has not been examined much to date, the OSS development context has been argued to advocate a particular type of participatory design, which can now be scrutinised in its natural setting as it evolves. Two interpretive case studies on user participation in OSS development are included in this article. The first examines a traditional community OSS development project;the second concentrates on the company OSS development context, the case being a software development unit of a global corporation involved in OSS development. Through analysis of the cases, different forms of participatory design (PD), especially of distributed PD, are identified. distributed PD is interpreted to include gaining an understanding of users' current practices, redesigning them together with users and gathering feedback from users related to the solutions. Different kinds of roles are available to users, as well as to for intermediaries 'representing users'. Especially, the importance of online forum-based and intermediary-driven PD is emphasised in this article. Implications for PD and OSS research and practice are considered.

关键词： participatory design user participation open source software development distributed development interpretive case study

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Defect-Density Assessment in Evolutionary Product development: A Case Study in Medical Imaging

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IEEE SOFTWARE 2013年第4期30卷 81-87页

作者： Zhu, Yang-Ming Faller, David Philips Healthcare

Defect density is the ratio between the number of defects and software size. Properly assessing defect density in evolutionary product development requires a strong tool and rigid process support that enables defects to be traced to the offending source code. In addition, it requires waiting for field defects after the product is deployed. To ease the calculation in practice, a proposed method approximates the lifetime number of defects against the software by the number of defects reported in a development period even if the defects are reported against previous product releases. The method uses aggregated code churn to measure the software size. It was applied to two development projects in medical imaging that involved three geographical locations (sites) with about 30 software engineers and 1.354 million lines of code in the released products. The results suggest the approach has some merits and validity, which the authors discuss in the distributed development context. The method is simple and operable and can be used by others with situations similar to ours. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

关键词： Analytical models Approximation methods code churn defect density distributed development evolutionary development Performance evaluation Software d Software metrics Software performance Software quaility

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Incremental method evolution in global software product management: A retrospective case study

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2010年第7期52卷 720-732页

作者： van de Weerd, Inge Brinkkemper, Sjaak Versendaal, Johan Univ Utrecht Dept Informat & Comp Sci Inst Informat & Comp Sci NL-3508 TB Utrecht Netherlands

Company growth in a global setting causes challenges in the adaptation and maintenance of an organization's methods. In this paper, we will analyze incremental method evolution in software product management in a global environment. We validate a method increment approach, based on method engineering principles, by applying it to a retrospective case study conducted at a large ERP vendor. The results show that the method increment types cover all increments that were found in the case study. Also, we identified the following lessons learned for company growth in a global software product management context: method increment drivers, such as the change of business strategy, vary during evolution;a shared infrastructure is critical for rollout;small increments facilitate gradual process improvement;and global involvement is critical. We then claim that method increments enable software companies to accommodate evolutionary adaptations of development process in agreement with the overall company expansion. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Software product management Requirements management Method engineering Meta-modeling Incremental method evolution distributed development

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Empirical Investigation About the Factors Affecting the Cost Estimation in Global Software development Context

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IEEE ACCESS 2021年 9卷 22274-22294页

作者： Khan, Junaid Ali Khan, Saif Ur Rehman Iqbal, Javed Rehman, Inayat Ur COMSATS Univ Islamabad Dept Comp Sci Islamabad 42000 Pakistan

Software organization always aims at developing a quality software product using the estimated development resources, effort, and time. Global Software development (GSD) has emerged as an essential tool to ensure optimal utilization of resources, which is performed in globally distributed settings in various geographical locations. Global software engineering focuses on reducing the cost, increasing the development speed, and accessing skilled developers worldwide. Estimating the required amount of resources and effort in the distributed development environment remains a challenging task. Thus, there is a need to focus on cost estimation models in the GSD context. We nevertheless acknowledge that several cost estimation techniques have been reported. However, to the best of our knowledge, the existing cost estimation techniques/models lack considering the additional cost drivers required to compute the accurate cost estimation in the GSD context. Motivated by this, the current work aims at identifying the other cost drivers that affect the cost estimation in the context of GSD. To achieve the targeted objectives, current state-of-the-art related to existing cost estimation techniques of GSD is reported. We adopted SLR and Empirical approach to address the formulated research questions. The current study also identifies the missing factors that would help the practitioners improve the cost estimation models. The results indicate that previously conducted work ignores the additional elements necessary for the cost estimation in the GSD context. Moreover, the current work proposes a conceptual cost estimation model tailored to fit the GSD context.

关键词： Estimation Software Licenses Context modeling Task analysis Project management Planning Global software development distributed development cost estimation systematic review

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Handover of managerial responsibilities in global software development: a case study of source code evolution and quality

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SOFTWARE QUALITY JOURNAL 2015年第4期23卷 539-566页

作者： Jabangwe, Ronald Borstler, Jurgen Petersen, Kai Blekinge Inst Technol S-37179 Karlskrona Sweden

Studies report on the negative effect on quality in global software development (GSD) due to communication and coordination-related challenges. However, empirical studies reporting on the magnitude of the effect are scarce. This paper presents findings from an embedded explanatory case study on the change in quality over time, across multiple releases, for products that were developed in a GSD setting. The GSD setting involved periods of distributed development between geographically dispersed sites as well as a handover of project management responsibilities between the involved sites. Investigations were performed on two medium-sized products from a company that is part of a large multinational corporation. Quality is investigated quantitatively using defect data and measures that quantify two source code properties, size and complexity. Observations were triangulated with subjective views from company representatives. There were no observable indications that the distribution of work or handover of project management responsibilities had an impact on quality on both products. Among the product-, process- and people-related success factors, we identified well-designed product architectures, early handover planning and support from the sending site to the receiving site after the handover and skilled employees at the involved sites. Overall, these results can be useful input for decision-makers who are considering distributing development work between globally dispersed sites or handing over project management responsibilities from one site to another. Moreover, our study shows that analyzing the evolution of size and complexity properties of a product's source code can provide valuable information to support decision-making during similar projects. Finally, the strategy used by the company to relocate responsibilities can also be considered as an alternative for software transfers, which have been linked with a decline in efficiency, productivity and quality.

关键词： Global software development distributed development Source code analysis Software transfers Object-oriented measures Case study

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Balanced, Unbalances, and One-Sided distributed Teams - An Empirical View on Global Software Engineering Education

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS 2022年第1期E105D卷 2-10页

作者： Marutschke, Daniel Moritz Kryssanov, Victor V. Brockmann, Patricia Ritsumeikan Univ Coll Global Liberal Arts Ibaraki 5678570 Japan Ritsumeikan Univ Coll Informat Sci & Engn Kusatsu 5258577 Japan Nuremberg Inst Technol Kesslerpl 12 D-90489 Nurnberg Germany

Global software engineering education faces unique challenges to reflect as close as possible real-world distributed team development in various forms. The complex nature of planning, collaborating, and upholding partnerships present administrative difficulties on top of budgetary constrains. These lead to limited opportunities for students to gain international experiences and for researchers to propagate educational and practical insights. This paper presents an empirical view on three different course structures conducted by the same research and educational team over a four-year time span. The courses were managed in Japan and Germany, facing cultural challenges, time-zone differences, language barriers, heterogeneous and homogeneous team structures, amongst others. Three semesters were carried out before and one during the Covid-19 pandemic. Implications for a recent focus on online education for software engineering education and future directions are discussed. As administrational and institutional differences typically do not guarantee the same number of students on all sides, distributed teams can be 1. balanced, where the number of students on one side is less than double the other, 2. unbalanced, where the number of students on one side is significantly larger than double the other, or 3. one-sided, where one side lacks students altogether. An approach for each of these three course structures is presented and discussed. Empirical analyses and reoccurring patterns in global software engineering education are reported. In the most recent three global software engineering classes, students were surveyed at the beginning and the end of the semester. The questionnaires ask students to rank how impactful they perceive factors related to global software development such as cultural aspects, team structure, language, and interaction. Results of the shift in mean perception are compared and discussed for each of the three team structures.

关键词： global software engineering online education cultural dimensions distributed development project based

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A conceptual framework of challenges and solutions for managing global software maintenance

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JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE-EVOLUTION AND PROCESS 2015年第10期27卷 763-792页

作者： Ulziit, Bayarbuyan Warraich, Zeeshan Akhtar Gencel, Cigdem Petersen, Kai In Process AB Stockholm Sweden Nasdaq OMX Stockholm Sweden Free Univ Bolzano Bozen Bolzano Italy DEISER Madrid Spain Blekinge Inst Technol Karlskrona Sweden

ContextSoftware maintenance process in globally distributed settings brings significant management challenges to software organizations. ObjectivesInvestigate the factors specific to managing software maintenance process in globally distributed settings and best practices in software organizations. MethodA systematic literature review and interviews with industry practitioners were conducted. For analysis and synthesis, the grounded theory method was used. ResultsWe identified a number of management challenges and mitigation strategies and then classified them under people, process, product, and technology factors. Overall, a structure of challenges and solutions, the conceptual framework, has been developed that may be used to understand and classify global maintenance challenges. Conclusionsdistributed software maintenance process has specific management challenges in relation to process, people, product, and technology. Therefore, companies performing maintenance in distributed settings should consider these factors, which are not present in the general global software development literature, although many lessons apply to both. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： global software engineering software maintenance distributed development outsourcing management

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