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21st Annual ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-oriented Programming systems, Languages, and Applications, OOPSLA 2006

作者： Chen, Nianen Ren, Shangping Department of Computer Science Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 United States

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ISBN: (纸本)159593491X

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关键词： Adaptive dependability requirement Coordination model distributed embedded system

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An Efficient Placement and Routing Technique for Fault-Tolerant distributed embedded Computing

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON embedded COMPUTING systemS 2009年第4期8卷 1–26页

作者： Jafari, Roozbeh Ghasemzadeh, Hassan Dabiri, Foad Nahapetian, Ani Sarrafzadeh, Majid Univ Texas Dallas Erik Jonsson Sch Engn & Comp Sci Dept Elect Engn Richardson TX 75083 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

This article presents an efficient technique for placement and routing of sensors/actuators and processing units in a grid network. The driver application that we present is a medical jacket, which requires an extremely high level of robustness and fault tolerance. The power consumption of such jacket is another key technological constraint. Our proposed interconnection network is a mesh of wires. A jacket made of fabric and wires would be susceptible to accidental damage via tears. By modeling the tears, we evaluate the probability of having failures on every segment of wires in our mesh interconnection network. Then, we study two problems of placement and routing in the sensor networks such that the fault tolerance is maximized while the power consumption is minimized. We develop efficient integer linear programming (ILP) formulations to address these problems and perform both placement and routing, simultaneously. This ensures that the solution is a lower bound for both problems. We evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed techniques on a variety of benchmarks.

关键词： Algorithms Management Performance Design Reliability distributed embedded system fault tolerance placement routing sensor networks

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An Introduction to distributed Smart Cameras

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2008年第10期96卷 1565-1575页

作者： Rinner, Bernhard Wolf, Wayne Klagenfurt Univ Inst Networked & Embedded Syst A-9020 Klagenfurt Austria Georgia Inst Technol Sch Elect & Comp Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA

distributed smart cameras (DSCs) are real-time distributed embedded systems that perform computer vision using multiple cameras. This new approach has emerged thanks to a confluence of simultaneous advances in four key disciplines: computer vision, image sensors, embedded computing, and sensor networks. Processing images in a network of distributed smart cameras introduces several complications. However, we believe that the problems DSCs solve are much more important than the challenges of designing and building a distributed video system. We argue that distributed smart cameras represent key components for future embedded computer vision systems and that smart cameras will become an enabling technology for many new applications. We summarize smart camera technology and applications, discuss current trends, and identify important research challenges.

关键词： Computer vision distributed embedded system multicamera systems pervasive computing sensor networks smart cameras

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Multiagent Architecture for distributed Adaptive Scheduling of Reconfigurable Real-Time Tasks With Energy Harvesting Constraints

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IEEE ACCESS 2018年 6卷 2068-2084页

作者： Housseyni, Wiem Mosbahi, Olfa Khalgui, Mohamed Li, Zhiwu Yin, Li Jinan Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Zhuhai Campus Zhuhai 519070 Peoples R China Univ Carthage Natl Inst Appl Sci & Technol Tunis 1080 Tunisia Univ Carthage Tunisia Polytech Sch Tunis 1080 Tunisia Macau Univ Sci & Technol Inst Syst Engn Macau 999078 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Sch Electromech Engn Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China

This paper presents new challenges for the real-time scheduling of distributed recongurable embedded systems powered by a renewable energy. Recongurable computing systems have to deal with unpredictable events from the environment, such as activation of new tasks and hardware or software failures, by adapting the task allocation and scheduling in order to maintain the system feasibility and performance. The proposed approach is based on an intelligent multiagent distributed architecture composed of: 1) a global agent "coordinator" associated with the whole distributed system and 2) four local agents, such as supervisor, scheduler, battery manager, and reconguration manager, belong to each subsystem. The efficiency and completeness of the reconfiguration adaptative strategy is proved as all possible reconfiguration forms are considered to guarantee a feasible system with a graceful quality of service. Two communication protocols, such as an intra-subsystem communication protocol and an inter-subsystem communication protocol, are proposed to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed reconfiguration strategy. Extensive simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed intelligent multiagent distributed architecture in terms of the number of exchanged messages, deadline success ratio, and the energy consumption.

关键词： distributed embedded system energy harvesting multiagent reconguration real-time scheduling

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Boundary Scan Extension for Testing distributed Reconfigurable Hardware systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND systemS I-REGULAR PAPERS 2019年第7期66卷 2699-2708页

作者： Ben Ahmed, Asma Mosbahi, Olfa Khalgui, Mohamed Li, Zhiwu Jinan Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Zhuhai 519070 Peoples R China Univ Carthage Tunisia Polytech Sch EPT Tunis 2078 Tunisia Univ Carthage Natl Inst Appl Sci & Technol INSAT Tunis 1080 Tunisia Univ Carthage Natl Inst Appl Sci & Technol Tunis 1080 Tunisia Macau Univ Sci & Technol Inst Syst Engn Taipa 999078 Macau Peoples R China Xidian Univ Sch Electromech Engn Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China

This paper deals with testing a distributed reconfigurable hardware systems (DRHSs) by proposing a new extension of the IEEE Std. 1149.1 named reconfigurable joint test action group (RJTAG). The first step introduces an extension of the boundary scan architecture by changing the usual boundary scan register (BSR) into a reconfigurable BSR. The second extends the JTAG key instructions that cover reconfigurable internal test and reconfigurable external test. For a coherent testing of different subsystems, a global DRHS test algorithm is proposed. The basic idea behind coherent testing is to enable testing of dependent circuits and their interconnections according to the coordination and interconnection matrices. Finally, in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, we have conducted experiments on combinational and asynchronous sequential DRHS.

关键词： distributed embedded system reconfiguration test stuck-at fault JTAG

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Reconfiguration of distributed embedded-Control systems

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IEEE-ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS 2011年第4期16卷 684-694页

作者： Khalgui, Mohamed Mosbahi, Olfa Li, Zhiwu Hanisch, Hans-Michael Univ Halle Wittenberg Res Lab Automat Technol D-06108 Halle Germany Xidian Univ Sch Electromech Engn Xian 710071 Peoples R China

This paper deals with distributed multiagent reconfigurable embedded-control systems following the component-based International Industrial Standard IEC61499 in which a function block (FB) is an event-triggered software component owning data and a control application is a distributed network of FBs. We define an architecture of reconfigurable multiagent systems, where a reconfiguration agent modeled by nested state machines is affected to each device of the execution environment to apply local automatic reconfigurations, and a coordination agent is proposed for any coordination between devices in order to guarantee safe and adequate distributed reconfigurations. A communication protocol is proposed in our research to handle coordinations between agents by using well-defined coordination matrices. We define, in addition, Extensible Markup Language (XML) based implementations for both kinds of agents, where XML code blocks are exchanged between devices. The contributions of the paper are applied to two benchmark production systems available in our laboratory.

关键词： Automatic distributed embedded system implementation inter-agents multi-agent architecture reconfiguration reconfiguration protocol

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Statistical based algorithm for reducing bit stuffing in the Controller Area Networks

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MICROELECTRONICS JOURNAL 2020年 101卷 104794-104794页

作者： Alaei, Reza Moallem, Payman Bohlooli, Ali Univ Isfahan Fac Engn Dept Elect Engn Esfahan Iran Univ Isfahan Fac Comp Engn Esfahan Iran

One of the problems with the Controller Area Network is jitter of response time because of the bit-stuffing mechanism. In real-time cases where timing accuracy is important, jitter may deteriorate the quality of the control procedure noticeably. A new method based on XOR masking, named Statistical Mask Calculation (SMC), is presented in this study. The method uses the statistical parameters of data to generate a proper mask for each case. The performance of the proposed method on the reduction of the number of stuff bits is evaluated by considering real data set and a comparison with existing original XOR masking is done. The results indicate that applying the proposed method on the case study increases the probability of zero bit stuffing up to 46% compared to the original XOR mask. It should be noted that the proposed technique is more effective for systems that are usually predictable. Therefore, the adaption of this technique depends on the required application.

关键词： Controller area network Selective bit stuffing Statistical characteristics distributed embedded system

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Reducing message-length variations in resource-constrained embedded systems implemented using the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol

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JOURNAL OF systemS ARCHITECTURE 2009年第5-6期55卷 344-354页

作者： Nahas, Mouaaz Pont, Michael J. Short, Michael Univ Leicester Embedded Syst Lab Leicester LE1 7RH Leics England

The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is widely used in low-cost embedded systems. CAN uses "Non Return to Zero" (NRZ) coding and includes a bit-stuffing mechanism. Whilst providing an effective mechanism for clock synchronization, the bit-stuffing mechanism causes the CAN frame length to become (in part) a complex function of the data contents: variations in frame length can have a detrimental impact on the real-time behaviour of systems employing this protocol. In this paper, two software-based mechanisms for reducing the impact of CAN bit stuffing are considered and compared. The first approach considered is a modified version of a technique described elsewhere (e.g. Nolte et al. [T. Nolte, H.A. Hansson, C. Norstrom, Minimizing CAN response-time jitter by message manipulation, in: Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Real-Time and embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS 2002), San Jose, California, 2002]). The second approach considered is a form of software bit stuffing (SBS). In both cases, not only the impact on message-length variations is addressed but also the implementation costs (including CPU and memory requirements) involved in creating practical implementation of each technique on a range of appropriate hardware platforms. It is concluded that the SBS technique is more effective in the reduction of message-length variations, but at the cost of an increase in CPU time and memory overheads and a reduction in the available data bandwidth. The choice of the most appropriate technique will, therefore, depend on the application requirements and the available resources. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： distributed embedded system CAN protocol Shared-clock scheduler Timing jitter Bit stuffing

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Sensing-Driven Energy Purchasing in Smart Grid Cyber-Physical system

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON systemS MAN CYBERNETICS-systemS 2013年第4期43卷 773-784页

作者： Tham, Chen-Khong Luo, Tie Natl Univ Singapore Dept Elect & Comp Engn Singapore 119260 Singapore

distributed and renewable-energy resources are likely to play an important role in the future energy landscape as consumers and enterprise energy users reduce their reliance on the main electricity grid as their source of electricity. Environmental or ambient sensing of parameters such as temperature and humidity, and amount of sunlight and wind, can be used to predict electricity demand from users and supply from renewable sources, respectively. In this paper, we describe a Smart Grid Cyber-Physical system (SG-CPS) comprising sensors that transmit real-time streams of sensed information to predictors of demand and supply of electricity and an optimization-based decision maker that uses these predictions together with real-time grid electricity prices and historical information to determine the quantity and timing of grid electricity purchases throughout the day and night. We investigate two forms of the optimization-based decision maker, one that uses linear programming and another that uses multi-stage stochastic programming. Our results show that sensing-driven predictions combined with the optimization-based purchasing decision maker hosted on the SG-CPS platform can cope well with uncertainties in demand, supply, and electricity prices and make grid electricity purchasing decisions that successfully keep both the occurrence of electricity shortfalls and the cost of grid electricity purchases low. We then examine the computational and memory requirements of the aforementioned prediction and optimization algorithms and find that they are within the capabilities of modern embedded system microprocessors and, hence, are amenable for deployment in typical households and communities.

关键词： Cyber-Physical system (CPS) distributed embedded system energy management system optimization sensor networks Smart Grid

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Clock synchronization in wireless distributed embedded applications

Clock synchronization in wireless distributed embedded appli...

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IEEE Workshop on Software Technologies for Future embedded systems (WSTFES 2003)

作者： Hong, YS No, JH Dongguk Univ Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)0769519377

Keeping distributed clocks closely synchronized is one of the basic requirements in wireless embedded applications. In the context of wireless applications, a clock synchronization protocol must tolerate message losses and should have a low communication overhead. The purpose of this paper is to present a clock synchronization protocol for distributed embedded systems in wireless environments. Our protocol adopts the master/slave structure based on a time transmission protocol and uses a drift correction algorithm for clock synchronization. The master node broadcasts synchronization messages through access point. The slave node estimates the master clock using the time transmission protocol and adjusts its virtual clock based on the continuous clock synchronization. Another advantage of the proposed protocol is that it uses a linear number of messages by transmitting one synchronization message in each resynchronization round and. tolerates message losses. The protocol is implemented and tested in a Windows NT and a WinCE. Its measurements indicate that the PC node and PDAs can be kept synchronized within the deviation bound of 8 milliseconds.

关键词： clock synchronization distributed embedded system wireless communication time transmission protocol master/slave structure

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