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Future standardisation requirements for dependable overcurrent protection in intentionally islanded LV microgrids build by distributed inverters

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JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING-JOE 2018年第15期2018卷 1048-1053页

作者： Wippenbeck, Tilman Willenberg, Dominik Schmidt, Thomas Schnettler, Armin Westnetz GmbH Part Inn Dortmund Germany Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Aachen Germany

The preconditions for dependable overcurrent protection of customer installations are largely unknown in islanded low-voltage (LV) microgrids build by multiple droop controlled and current limited inverters. Consequences may be an islanded operation with limited reliability of supply, investments of uncertain necessity or uncontrolled hazards. Distribution system operators will not opt for intentional islanding until those risks become predictable. Extensive variation studies are therefore performed to screen for decisive influencing factors and to quantify their effect by means of computer simulations in Matlab/Simulink((R)). First steps of a standardisation roadmap are drawn that will either enable developing the preconditions for a dependable overcurrent protection or choosing effective alternatives. An initial set of quantitative minimal conditions is given as a basis for further discussions.

关键词： overcurrent protection distributed power generation power generation protection invertors power generation reliability investment power generation economics standardisation dependable overcurrent protection intentionally islanded LV microgrids distributed inverters current limited inverters islanded operation distribution system operators intentional islanding future standardisation requirements islanded low-voltage microgrids multiple droop control uncontrolled hazards uncertain necessity investment computer simulations Matlab-Simulink standardisation roadmap quantitative minimal conditions

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Global Synchronous Pulse Width Modulation of distributed inverters

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 2016年第9期31卷 6237-6253页

作者： Xu, Tao Gao, Feng Shandong Univ Minist Educ Key Lab Power Syst Intelligent Dispatch & Control Jinan 250061 Peoples R China

Traditionally, the parallel-connected multileg inverter could assume the interleaved pulse width modulation (PWM) to attenuate the high-frequency harmonics by using a single controller to generate the corresponding interleaved switching sequences. However, the interleaved PWM cannot be employed in multiple distributed independent inverters installed at different locations with their own controllers because the multiple independent controllers cannot work synchronously and the operational conditions are different among the distributed inverters. The summed current harmonics of multiple distributed inverters could vary at the point of common coupling (PCC) and worsen the power quality of consumers. This paper, therefore, proposes a global synchronous PWM method for the distributed inverters to attenuate the high-frequency current harmonics at PCC. The optimal interleaved switching angles among the distributed inverters are calculated by fully considering line impedances, modulation indexes, switching frequencies, the number of distributed inverters, etc. Particle swarm optimization method is assumed to find the optimal solution. Then, the low-frequency synchronization operation will synchronize the multiple PWM switching sequences in the wanted variation range. Experimental results are presented to prove the validity of this method.

关键词： Current harmonics distributed inverters global modulation synchronous pulse width modulation

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Global Synchronous Pulse Width Modulation of distributed inverters 9

Global Synchronous Pulse Width Modulation of Distributed Inv...

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9th International Conference on Power Electronics / Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition Asia (ICPE-ECCE Asia)

作者： Xu, Tao Gao, Feng Wei, Ran Shandong Univ Sch Elect Engn Jinan Peoples R China State Grid Jining Elect Power Supply Co Jining Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9788957082546

Traditionally, the parallel-connected multi-leg inverter could assume the interleaved PWM to attenuate the switching frequency harmonics by using a single controller to generate the corresponding interleaved switching sequences. However, the interleaved PWM cannot be employed in multiple distributed inverters installed at different locations with their own controllers because the multiple independent controllers cannot work synchronously and the operational conditions are variable among the distributed inverters. The summed current harmonics of multiple distributed inverters could vary at the point of common coupling (PCC) and worsen the power quality of consumers. This paper therefore proposes a global synchronous pulse width modulation (GSPWM) method for the distributed inverters to attenuate the high frequency current harmonics at PCC meanwhile improve the PCC voltage quality. The optimal interleaved switching angles among the distributed inverters are calculated by fully considering the line impedances, the modulation indexes, the switching frequencies, the number of distributed systems and etc. Then the low frequency synchronous operation will synchronize the pulse width modulation sequences in the wanted variation range. Experimental results are presented to prove the validity of this method.

关键词： distributed inverters synchronous pulse width modulation current harmonics global modulation

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Performance Analysis of Global Synchronous Pulsewidth Modulation for distributed inverters 7

Performance Analysis of Global Synchronous Pulsewidth Modula...

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IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition

作者： Xu, Tao Gao, Feng Duan, Wen Wei, Ran Shandong Univ Sch Elect Engn Jinan Peoples R China State Grid Jining Elect Power Supply Co Jining Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467371513

The distributed inverters generally are integrated into power grid without any switching sequence coordinated control capability since they are equipped with their own micro controllers to command the output quantities. The switching ripples of all distributed inverters will then be randomly accumulated at the point of common coupling. The recently proposed global synchronous pulsewidth modulation method however can significantly attenuate the accumulated switching ripples by periodically coordinating the distributed inverters. This paper deeply analyzes the performance of global synchronous pulsewidth modulation method, including the current ripple analysis, dynamic response with reduced filter or switching frequency and efficiency optimization and presents a dynamic adjustment method as one or more inverters quit or are involved into the operation. Finally, Matlab simulations and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of global synchronous pulse width modulation method.

关键词： distributed inverters synchronous pulse width modulation current harmonics global modulation efficiency optimization

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Decentralized Circulating Current Attenuation With Model Predictive Control for distributed/Shunted Single/Three-Phase Grid-Tied inverters

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 2022年第10期37卷 11534-11539页

作者： Zhou, Liwei Preindl, Matthias Columbia Univ City New York Dept Elect Engn New York NY 10027 USA

This letter proposed a decentralized control method to attenuate the circulating current among the grid-connected inverters without extra cost on the communication. Based on the combination of cascaded model predictive control (MPC) and modified LCL filter topologies, the developed method can locally limit the circulating current for different types of inverters, e.g., single/three-phase grid-connection, and various applications, e.g., shunted or distributed inverters with/without common de bus, respectively. The merits of the proposed method include the following. 1) Decentralized circulating current control without the need of a central controller or the corresponding communication to collect the sampling and calculate the common mode components for leakage current attenuation among different inverters. 2) Generalized control method that can he applied to single/three-phase inverters for both shunted and distributed inverters with/without common dc bus applications. 3) No synchronization is needed for pulsewidth modulation signals among different inverters to attenuate the circulating current. 4) Cascaded MPC without the need of individual inverter's grid side uncertain filter parameters for the attenuation of circulating current and system parametric modeling. 5) Better transient performance with the inner loop MPC. The experimental results verified the proposed method.

关键词： Circulating current attenuation decentralized control distributed inverters grid-connection model predictive control (MPC) shunted inverters

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Performance analysis of global synchronous pulsewidth modulation for distributed inverters

Performance analysis of global synchronous pulsewidth modula...

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IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition

作者： T. Xu F. Gao W. Duan R. Wei Sch. of Electr. Eng. Shandong Univ. Jinan China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467371520

关键词： distributed inverters current harmonics efficiency optimization global modulation synchronous pulse width modulation

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distributed selective harmonic mitigation and decoupled unbalance compensation by coordinated inverters in three-phase four-wire low-voltage networks

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ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2020年 186卷 106407-106407页

作者： dos Santos Alonso, Augusto Matheus Brandao, Danilo Iglesias Tedeschi, Elisabetta Marafao, Fernando Pinhabel Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP Grp Automat & Integrated Syst Av Tres Marco 511 BR-18087180 Sorocaba SP Brazil Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NTNU Dept Elect Power Engn OS Bragstads Plass 2 N-7491 Trondheim Norway Fed Univ Minas Gerais UFMG Grad Program Elect Engn Antonio Carlos 6627 BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil

Considering the high penetration of distributed generators in low-voltage grids, establishing a coordinated operation of their grid-tied inverters has become imperative to move towards the implementation of smart grids. Yet, knowing that mitigation of power quality issues such as reactive power, current unbalance and harmonics is of importance within such a context, this work proposes a master/slave control approach, which uses a communication means of low-bandwidth, to flexibly coordinate four-leg inverters dispersed in three-phase four-wire networks. Their coordination is attained by means of a current-based approach, allowing the sharing of active, reactive, harmonic and unbalance currents drawn by loads. The control strategy also regulates the power flow at the point of common coupling of the low-voltage network, while proportionally steering inverters according to their nominal capabilities. In addition to the offering of selective harmonic mitigation, the control approach provides distributed and decoupled unbalance compensation, in partial or total portion, based on concepts from the Conservative Power Theory. Consequently, extraction of sequence components or implementation of virtual impedance control loops are not required. The proposed strategy is evaluated based on multiple simulation results, considering the CIGRE's European low-voltage distribution benchmark, including six distributed inverters, as well as linear and nonlinear loads.

关键词： distributed inverters Harmonic compensation Power quality Power sharing Three-phase four-wire

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A Carrier Synchronization Method for Global Synchronous Pulsewidth Modulation Application Using Phase-Locked Loop

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 2019年第11期34卷 10720-10732页

作者： Xu, Tao Gao, Feng Wang, Xiongfei Blaabjerg, Frede Shandong Univ Minist Educ Key Lab Power Syst Intelligent Dispatch & Control Jinan 250061 Shandong Peoples R China Aalborg Univ Dept Energy Technol DK-9100 Aalborg Denmark

When many distributed parallel inverters are integrated into grid without switching sequence coordinated control capability, the high-frequency harmonics will accumulate randomly at the point of common coupling. Global synchronous pulsewidth modulation (GSPWM) method can significantly attenuate the accumulated switching ripples by intentionally assuming an intelligent optimization algorithm and a communication system. To avoid the dependence on low-latency communication system, this paper proposes a novel phase-locked loop based PWM carrier synchronization (PLL-CS) method for GSPWM system, where the switching sequences can he effectively synchronized as expected without using low-latency synchronization signals. By doing so, the operational reliability of the whole GSPWM system can be significantly improved, while the additional hardware cost of GSPWM can be dramatically reduced, which can enhance the implementation adaptability of GSPWM method. Experimental results have verified the performance of the proposed PLL-CS GSPWM method.

关键词： Carrier synchronization (CS) method distributed inverters global synchronous pulsewidth modulation (GSPWM) phase-locked loop (PLL)

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Self-Synchronization Operation of Global Synchronous Pulsewidth Modulation with Communication Fault Tolerant and Simplified Calculation Capabilities 31

Self-Synchronization Operation of Global Synchronous Pulsewi...

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31st Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Specialists Conference and Exposition (APEC)

作者： Xu, Tao Gao, Feng Shandong Univ Sch Elect Engn Jinan Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467395502

The distributed inverters are generally integrated into power grid without switching sequence coordinated control capability since they are equipped with their own micro controllers to command the output quantities. The switching ripples of all distributed inverters will then be randomly accumulated at the point of common coupling. The recently proposed global synchronous pulsewidth modulation (GSPWM) method however can significantly attenuate the accumulated switching ripples by periodically coordinating the distributed inverters at low synchronization frequency. GSPWM can be applied to reduce filter or switching frequency of coordinated inverters under high reliable communication system. While to increase the system robustness, this paper deeply analyzes the performance of GSPWM when the communication channels fail, especially lose the synchronous signals. And then the self-synchronization method is proposed to avoid the breakdown of GSPWM. Moreover, the self-synchronization operation could benefit to explore a simplified method to calculate the sending frequency of synchronous signals, which can greatly release the calculation burden. Finally, experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed self-synchronization operation of GSWPM.

关键词： self-synchronization global synchronous pulsewidth modulation communication fault tolerant operation distributed inverters

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Self-Synchronization Operation of Global Synchronous Pulsewidth Modulation with Communication Fault Tolerant and Simplified Calculation Capabilities

Self-Synchronization Operation of Global Synchronous Pulsewi...

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Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition

作者： Tao Xu Feng Gao School of Electrical Engineering Shandong University Jinan China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467395519

关键词： self-synchronization global synchronous pulsewidth modulation communication fault tolerant operation distributed inverters

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