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distributed ledger technologies for Network Slicing: A Survey

IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 19412-19442页

作者： Javed, Farhana Antevski, Kiril Mangues-Bafalluy, Josep Giupponi, Lorenza Bernardos, Carlos J. Ctr Tecnol Telecomunicac Catalunya CTTC CERCA Barcelona 08860 Spain Univ Carlos III Madrid UC3M Telemat Engn Dept Getafe 28911 Spain

Network slicing is one of the fundamental tenets of Fifth Generation (5G)/Sixth Generation (6G) networks. Deploying slices requires end-to-end (E2E) control of services and the underlying resources in a network substrate featuring an increasing number of stakeholders. Beyond the technical difficulties this entails, there is a long list of administrative negotiations among parties that do not necessarily trust each other, which often requires costly manual processes, including the legal construction of neutral entities. In this context, Blockchain comes to the rescue by bringing its decentralized yet immutable and auditable lemdger, which has a high potential in the telco arena. In this sense, it may help to automate some of the above costly processes. There have been some proposals in this direction that are applied to various problems among different stakeholders. This paper aims at structuring this field of knowledge by, first, providing introductions to network slicing and blockchain technologies. Then, state-of-the-art is presented through a global architecture that aggregates the various proposals into a coherent whole while showing the motivation behind applying Blockchain and smart contracts to network slicing. And finally, some limitations of current work, future challenges and research directions are also presented.

关键词： Blockchains Network slicing distributed ledger 5G mobile communication Network function virtualization Stakeholders Next generation networking distributed ledger technologies blockchain network slicing beyond 5G 6G smart contracts

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distributed ledger technologies in vehicular mobile edge computing: a survey

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COMPLEX & INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS 2022年第5期8卷 4403-4419页

作者： Jiang, Ming Qin, Xingsheng Guangxi Normal Univ Fac Elect Engn Guilin Peoples R China

Blockchain-based systems, coined by distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), have rapidly received tremendous interest from academia, industries, and governments. Recent literature has revealed many research and developments on applying DLTs to the Internet of things (IoT), cloud-edge computing. In this survey, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the newly appeared concepts, theories, platforms, and DLTs-facilitated applications of vehicular networks and mobile edge computing (MEC). We also review the selections of the available DLTs related platforms and tools. Future research directions and issues are discussed, including security, privacy, scalability issues, and multiple applications in various domains.

关键词： Survey distributed ledger technologies Blockchain Vehicle Mobile edge computing

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Phonendo: a platform for publishing wearable data on distributed ledger technologies

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WIRELESS NETWORKS 2024年第7期30卷 6507-6521页

作者： Moya, Francisco Quesada, Francisco J. J. Martinez, Luis Estrella, Fco Javier Univ Jaen Jaen Spain

Nowadays, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, especially wearable devices, are commonly integrated into modern intelligent healthcare software. These devices enable medical practitioners to monitor pervasively patients' parameters outside the clinical environment. However, the ease of manipulating wearable devices and their data streams raises concerns regarding patient privacy and data trust. distributed ledger technologies (DLT) offer solutions to enhance resistance against information manipulation and eliminate single points of failure. By leaveraging DLT, wearable-based solutions can be developed with a wider range of capabilities. This paper carries out an analysis of shortcomings, limitations, potential applications and needs in the medical domain, to introduce Phonendo 1.0, a DLT-IoT-based platform designed to capture data streams from wearable devices and publishing them on a distributed ledger technology infrastructure. The architecture and its difference services are justified based on the identified needs and challenges in the medical domain.

关键词： Internet of Things distributed ledger technologies Telemedicine

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distributed ledger technologies for Cellular Networks and Beyond 5G: a survey 4

Distributed Ledger Technologies for Cellular Networks and Be...

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4th Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)

作者： Moussaoui, Meroua Aryal, Nischal Bertin, Emmanuel Crespi, Noel Orange Innovat F-14000 Caen France Inst Polytech Paris Telecom SudParis IMT F-91764 Palaiseau France

ISBN: (数字)9781665471589

ISBN: (纸本)9781665471589

Cellular networks have played a critical role in building today's Internet. However, they are facing more and more challenges such as softwarization and programmability, decentralization, as well as opening to new business models, while keeping a very high level of trust and reliability. DLT (distributed ledger Technology) is a promising field to address these challenges in an innovative way. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of DLT applications for cellular networks, covering the Radio Access Network (RAN), Core Network (CN), Applications & services, as well as Inter-actor communication & cooperation.

关键词： distributed ledger technologies blockchain cellular networks 5G

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Security-enhanced firmware management scheme for smart home IoT devices using distributed ledger technologies

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY 2024年第3期23卷 1927-1937页

作者： Wijesundara, W. M. A. B. Lee, Joong-Sun Tith, Dara Aloupogianni, Eleni Suzuki, Hiroyuki Obi, Takashi Tokyo Inst Technol Dept Informat & Commun Engn Tokyo Japan Tokyo Inst Technol Inst Innovat Res Yokohama Japan Univ Namur Fac informat Namur Belgium Gunma Univ Ctr Math & Data Sci Gunma Japan

With the increase of IoT devices generating large amounts of user-sensitive data, improper firmware harms users' security and privacy. Latest home appliances are integrated with features to assure compatibility with smart home IoT. However, applying complex security mechanisms to IoT is limited by device hardware capabilities, making them vulnerable to attacks. Such attacks have recently become frequent. To address this issue, we developed a secure verification mechanism for firmware released by the device's manufacturer. We proposed an IoT gateway for secure firmware verification and updating for smart home IoT devices utilizing the IOTA MAM (Masked Authenticated Messaging) protocol and a distributed file system with IPFS (Inter-Planetary File System) protocol. These two communication protocols ensure decentralized communication and firmware file distribution between the IoT device vendor and the IoT end device. The proposed scheme securely shares latest firmware content over IOTA and IPFS networks, performs a secure firmware update on IoT end devices and ensures authenticity and integrity of the firmware. Two types of validation methods were proposed for firmware updating and validation. We implemented the proposed scheme using three entities, Vendor, IoT gateway, and IoT end device. Our system yielded promising results in performing secure automated firmware updates on IoT end devices with very low computational power. The system's functionality was implemented using IOTA's MAM run on Raspberry Pi as an IoT gateway along with an ESP8266 Wi-Fi microcontroller, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. Our proposed methodology can be used for secure firmware distribution on home IoT applications.

关键词： Internet of things distributed ledger technologies IOTA Information security Communication systems IPFS

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distributed ledger technologies Based Microgrid Energy Management Using IOTA Tangle

Distributed Ledger Technologies Based Microgrid Energy Manag...

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IEEE Chilean Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication technologies (CHILECON)

作者： Garcia-Hernandez, Juan Marin-Collazos, Luis G. Jimenez-Estevez, Guillermo Mendoza-Araya, Particio Univ Los Andes Dept Elect & Elect Engn Bogota 111711 Colombia Univ Chile Energy Ctr FCFM Santiago 8370451 Chile Univ Chile Dept Elect Engn Santiago Chile

ISBN: (纸本)9781665408738

Microgrids' role in the decentralization of energy systems keeps growing and becoming more and more important. Trading mechanisms have been improved by the incorporation of distributed ledger technologies, mainly Blockchain, offering transactions with improved security, and reduced cost, among other benefits. The study of the implementation of distributed ledger technologies as part of Microgrid Transactive Energy Systems has been narrowed down to the use of Blockchain as trading platform, given the maturity and global acceptance of the technology. Nonetheless, other existing distributed ledger technologies, such as IOTA, Tempo, Holochain, Hashgraph, offer significant improvements in transaction cost, scalability and latency. Therefore, this paper presents the implementation and simulation of an IOTA Tangle based micromarket looking forward to increase the research efforts in other distributed ledger technologies, besides Blockchain. A successful simulator is presented, which offers the possibility of evaluating the results and convenience of implementing a microgrid energy manager based on IOTA Tangle.

关键词： distributed ledger technologies Directed acyclic graph Microgrid Energy Management

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distributed ledger technologies for Food Sustainability indexing

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SMART AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY 2023年 5卷

作者： Gkogkos, Georgios Lourenco, Patricia Pechlivani, Eleftheria Maria Encarnacao, Luis Votis, Konstantinos Giakoumoglou, Nikolaos Silva, Jose Marques da Tzovaras, Dimitrios Informat Technol Inst Ctr Res & Technol Hellas 6th Km Harilaou Thermi Thessaloniki 57001 Greece AgroІnsider Lda R Circular NorteEdf NERESala 113 P-7005841 Evora Portugal Univ Evora Escola Ciencias & Tecnol MED Medmediterranean Inst Agr Environm & Dev Ap 94 P-7006554 Evora Portugal Univ Evora Escola Ciencias & Tecnol Dept Engn Rural Ap 94 P-7006554 Evora Portugal

The agro-food industry currently faces increasing environmental, social, and economic challenges, emphasizing the need for an effective assessment of food sustainability. While existing certification schemes serve to evaluate food production systems' sustainability, they are often complex, laborious, and prone to errors and result in a transparency deficit and a lack of trust in the process. This paper introduces a novel solution using distributed ledger Technology (DLT) to facilitate certificate generation and verification, with the goal of contributing to the attainment of the European Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Leveraging Blockchain technology, the solution creates an unalterable record of food sustainability certificates that can be verified with ease, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and trustworthiness in the certification process. The feasibility of the proposed DLT approach is demonstrated through a proof-of-concept implementation, which shows that the proposed solution can significantly improve the certificate generation and verification process. The resultant framework presents a secure and reliable solution for food sustainability certification, which can benefit various stakeholders in the food industry, such as producers, retailers, and consumers. The proposed DLT solution promises a significant transformation in generating and verifying food sustainability certificates, fostering more sustainable food production systems.

关键词： Agriculture 4.0 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) food sustainability CO 2 emissions certification distributed ledger technologies Blockchain Hyperledger Sawtooth Permissioned Network Smart Contract MVR (Monitoring Verifying and Report)

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The convergence of Digital Twins and distributed ledger technologies: A systematic literature review and an architectural proposal

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JOURNAL OF NETWORK AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2024年 225卷

作者： Somma, Alessandra De Benedictis, Alessandra Esposito, Christiancarmine Mazzocca, Nicola Univ Naples Federico II Via Claudio 21 I-80125 Naples Italy Univ Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 I-84084 Fisciano SA Italy

In recent years, the emerging Digital Twin (DT) technology is playing a key role in fostering the transition towards the Industry 4.0. DTs, representing virtual replicas of physical objects, products or processes established thanks to a bidirectional continuous flow of information between the physical and the virtual world, are currently adopted in multiple domains such as manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, energy, construction, smart cities and smart mobility, etc.. DTs live together with the physical system they replicate, receiving the same data and often triggering specific control actions that directly impact on the real system status. When dealing with DTs of complex Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), the data sources may be heterogeneous and untrustworthy, which requires the DT to be able to address security issues related to data in transit from/to the physical twin and data at rest. A possible way to address these data security issues consists in adopting distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) which provide several security guarantees on data through cryptographic hashing techniques. In this work, we present a three-fold contribution: (i) we discuss the results of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on the state-of-the-art of the research related to the integration between DLT and Digital Twins, aimed at clarifying relevant aspects such as, among others, what is the favourite DLT choice in existing proposals or what is the type of DT-related information to store on-chain;(ii) leveraging the SLR results and other related research, we propose an architectural framework for the integration of DT and DLTs (more specifically, blockchains);(iii) we validate the proposed architecture by means of two proof-of-concept implementations leveraging different technological stacks and taking into account two different operational scenarios. Finally, we conduct a requirements coverage analysis and compare the PoCs through a coverage matrix.

关键词： Digital Twins Data security Data trustworthiness distributed ledger technologies Blockchain Reference architecture

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Using distributed ledger technologies for bond issues - a primer

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LAW AND FINANCIAL MARKETS REVIEW 2022年第1-2期16卷 43-67页

作者： Saramago, Catarina Natl Univ Singapore Ctr Banking & Finance Law Singapore Singapore

distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) are expected to disrupt the corporate finance field by offering a cheaper, quicker and simpler funding alternative for companies, thus playing a relevant role in improving access to the financial markets. This paper seeks to test this premise. Based on information collected from advisors in two transactions completed in the market, the paper compares the process of a traditional international bond issue with one on a DLT platform. The paper clarifies how a DLT-based bond issue is conducted in practice and concludes that such issues are not more affordable or time efficient and are equally complex when compared to a conventional issue. These conclusions are, however, limited in scope due to the case study methodolody adopted. The conclusions may also be impacted by the analysis of legal matters beyond the process of issuance and by the consideration of quantitative data concerning the costs incurred with the issue.

关键词： distributed ledger technologies DLT blockchain decentralised corporate finance corporate finance bond issue intermediated securities international central security depositories ICSD classic global structure new global structure new safekeeping structure bond issue expenses

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UWB Role Allocation with distributed ledger technologies for Scalable Relative Localization in Multi-Robot Systems 15

UWB Role Allocation with Distributed Ledger Technologies for...

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IEEE International Symposium on Robotic and Sensors Environments (ROSE)

作者： Moron, Paola Torrico Salimi, Salma Queralta, Jorge Pena Westerlund, Tomi Univ Turku Turku Intelligent Embedded & Robot Syst TIERS Lab Turku Finland

ISBN: (数字)9781665489232

ISBN: (纸本)9781665489232

Systems for relative localization in multi-robot systems based on ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging have recently emerged as robust solutions for GNSS-denied environments. Scalability remains one of the key challenges, particularly in adhoc deployments. Recent solutions include dynamic allocation of active and passive localization modes for different robots or nodes in the system. with larger-scale systems becoming more distributed, key research questions arise in the areas of security and trustability of such localization systems. This paper studies the potential integration of collaborative-decision making processes with distributed ledger technologies. Specifically, we investigate the design and implementation of a methodology for running an UWB role allocation algorithm within smart contracts in a blockchain. In previous works, we have separately studied the integration of ROS2 with the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain, and introduced a new algorithm for scalable UWB-based localization. In this paper, we extend these works by (i) running experiments with larger number of mobile robots switching between different spatial configurations and (ii) integrating the dynamic UWB role allocation algorithm into Fabric smart contracts for distributed decision-making in a system of multiple mobile robots. This enables us to deliver the same functionality within a secure and trustable process, with enhanced identity and data access management. Our results show the effectiveness of the UWB role allocation for continuously varying spatial formations of six autonomous mobile robots, while demonstrating a low impact on latency and computational resources of adding the blockchain layer that does not affect the localization process.

关键词： Ultra-wideband (UWB) Localization Mobile robots distributed ledger technologies Blockchain Hyperledger Fabric Scalable positioning Cooperative localization

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