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distributed ledger technology for Fault Tolerant Distribution Grid Operations

IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 63288-63305页

作者： Dos Reis, Fernando Bereta Borkum, Mark Mukherjee, Monish Sebastian Cardenas, David Jonathan Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Elect Infrastruct & Bldg Div Richland WA 99354 USA

This paper explores the potential of distributed ledger technology (DLT) to improve fault-tolerant grid operations by leveraging its core features as an immutable, decentralized ledger, a distributed, consensus-based agreement process, and a distributed state-replication engine. Distribution power systems deliver electricity to millions of customers;however, they are susceptible to various threats that can result in customer interruptions. These include faults caused by adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, vegetation growth, equipment failure, and malicious attacks. To minimize the effects of these faults, fault-handling approaches rely on network knowledge to isolate affected areas and reconnect unaffected areas, reducing the number of affected customers while maintaining safety. Here, we present a trusted data-sharing architecture that enables independent, distributed actors to reconstruct the pre-fault system state by enabling distributed resources to make appropriate decisions with limited network/system information. Although the process requires some data sharing between switch-delimited areas, the approach limits the amount of private information shared, preserving customers' privacy and business-sensitive information. We include three use cases that form a foundation for third parties to develop functional solutions that can eventually be deployed in the field. The gross error detection method used within switch-delimited areas can identify sensor errors and accurately detect circuit breaker states. The evaluation of possible reconnection while preserving data ownership resulted in a voltage magnitude difference smaller than 0.01% from the OpenDSS power flow solution that has full system knowledge, which is below the expected power flow tolerance. The approach offers a promising opportunity for improving fault-tolerant distribution grid operations.

关键词： distributed ledger technology power distribution power distribution faults power system restoration

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distributed ledger technology in supply chains: a transaction cost perspective

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH 2020年第7期58卷 2124-2141页

作者： Roeck, Dominik Sternberg, Henrik Hofmann, Erik Univ St Gallen Inst Supply Chain Management St Gallen Switzerland Iowa State Univ Dept Supply Chain & Informat Syst Ames IA USA

With the emergence of distributed ledger technology (DLT), numerous practitioners and researchers have proclaimed its beneficial impact on supply chain transactions in the future. However, the vast majority of DLT initiatives are discontinued after a short period. With the full potential of DLT laying far down the road, especially managers in supply chain management (SCM) seek for short-term cost-saving effects of DLT in order to achieve long-term benefits of DLT in the future. However, the extant research has bypassed grounding long-term as well as short-term effects of DLT on supply chain transaction with empirical data. We address this shortcoming, following an abductive research approach and combining empirical data from a multiple case study design with the corresponding literature. Our study reveals that the effects of DLT on supply chain transactions are two-sided. We found six effects of DLT solutions that have a cost-reducing or cost avoidance impact on supply chain transactions. In addition, we found two effects that change the power distribution between buyers and suppliers in transactions and a single effect that reduces the dependency of supply chain transactions on third parties. While cost-reducing and avoidance as well as dependency-reducing effects are positive effects, the change in power distribution might come with disadvantages. With these findings, the paper provides the first empirical evidence of the impact of DLT on supply chain transactions, which will enable managers to improve their assessment of DLT usage in supply chains.

关键词： distributed ledger technology blockchain technology supply chain management supply chain transparency transaction cost economics theory elaboration

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distributed ledger technology Based Integrated Healthcare Solution for Bangladesh

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 51527-51556页

作者： Islam, Md. Ariful Islam, Md. Antonin Jacky, Md. Amzad Hossain Al-Amin, Md. Miah, Md. Saef Ullah Khan, Md. Muhidul Islam Hossain, Md. Iqbal Brain Stn 23 Ltd Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh Amer Int Univ Bangladesh Fac Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci Dhaka 1229 Bangladesh Univ Stavanger Dept Elect & Comp Sci N-4021 Stavanger Norway Chakaria Un Hosp Dept Paediat Chattogram 4349 Bangladesh

Healthcare data is highly sensitive and must be safeguarded. Personal and sensitive data, such as names and addresses, is stored in Encrypted Electronic Health Records (EHRs). This paper proposes a Blockchain-based distributed application platform for Bangladesh's public and private healthcare service providers. The proposed application framework enables users to create secure digital agreements for commerce or collaboration by leveraging data immutability and smart contracts. As a result, all stakeholders can collaborate securely over the same Blockchain network, taking advantage of their data's openness and read/write nature. The proposed application is made up of various application interfaces for various stakeholders. The proposed solution employs Hyperledger Fabric and Blockchain to ensure data integrity, privacy, permissions, and service availability. In the application portal, each user has a profile. The creation of a unique identity for each user, as well as the establishment of digital information centers across the country, has greatly aided the process. This application collects health data from each user in a systematic manner, which is useful for research institutes and healthcare-related organizations. For this application, a national data warehouse in Bangladesh is feasible, and various healthcare-related analyses can be performed using the collected data, assisting the strategy and planning department in making informed decisions regarding the healthcare sector in Bangladesh. Because Bangladesh has both public and private healthcare providers, a simple digital strategy is essential for all organizations to accomplish their services. This study proposes a solution to achieve this goal.

关键词： Medical services distributed ledger Blockchains Security Pediatrics Government Electronic healthcare Smart contracts distributed ledger technology integrated healthcare blockchain smart contract hyperledger fabric blockchain in healthcare

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distributed ledger technology for Smart Cities, the Sharing Economy, and Social Compliance

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IEEE ACCESS 2018年 6卷 62728-62746页

作者： Ferraro, Pietro King, C. Shorten, Robert Univ Coll Dublin Sch Elect & Elect Engn Dublin 04 V1W8 4 Ireland Northeastern Univ Dept Math Boston MA 02115 USA

This paper describes how distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) can be used to enforce social contracts and to orchestrate the behavior of agents trying to access a shared resource. The first part of this paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of using DLTs architectures to implement certain control systems in an Internet of Things (IoT) setting and then focuses on a specific type of DLT based on a directed acyclic graph. In this setting, we propose a set of delay differential equations to describe the dynamical behavior of the Tangle, an IoT-inspired directed acyclic graph designed for the cryptocurrency IOTA. The second part proposes an application of DLTs as a mechanism for dynamic deposit pricing, wherein the deposit of digital currency is used to orchestrate access to a network of shared resources. The pricing signal is used as a mechanism to enforce the desired level of compliance according to a predetermined set of rules. After presenting an illustrative example, we analyze the control system and provide sufficient conditions for the stability of the network.

关键词： distributed ledger technology social compliance smart cities

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distributed ledger technology Based Architecture for Decentralized Device-to-Device Communication Network

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 92006-92022页

作者： Lu, Shu-Ping Lei, Chin-Laung Ho, Cheng-Yun Hwang, Shy-Shang Chen, Hsin-Chen Natl Taiwan Univ Dept Elect Engn Taipei 10617 Taiwan Ind Technol Res Inst Hsinchu 310401 Taiwan Phison Elect Corp Zhunan Township 350402 Miaoli County Taiwan

Due to the mobility of devices, device-to-device (D2D) communication is a promising fifth-generation (5G) technology in dynamic environments for improving message transmission efficiency for group communication. Additionally, all services in an ad hoc network are current Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET) applications. Therefore, D2D communication has been introduced in ad hoc environments to reduce latency during vehicle conversations, such as autonomous vehicle solutions and drone fleet management for cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) modules and Internet of Drones (IoDs) networks. However, providing secure and effective group communication is an urgent challenge. To solve these problems, we propose a dynamic group management solution based on distributed ledger technology. This study demonstrates that a distributed ledger-based hierarchical architecture for dynamic group management is faster and more adaptable without compromising security and performance. Furthermore, the proposed method can facilitate the transfer of direct communication data without a centralized database, thereby reducing the chance of a single point of failure. In addition, the research was tested by a third party that has established close cooperation with world-leading automotive electronics suppliers in Taiwan.

关键词： Vehicle dynamics Security distributed ledger Servers Ad hoc networks Device-to-device communication Computer architecture Vehicle-to-everything Cryptography Device-to-device communications peer-to-peer (P2P) vehicle-to-everything (V2X) distributed ledger technology security cryptography

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distributed ledger technology-based land transaction system with trusted nodes consensus mechanism

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JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY-COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES 2022年第8期34卷 6414-6424页

作者： Yadav, Amrendra Singh Agrawal, Shivani Kushwaha, Dharmender Singh Motilal Nehru Natl Inst Technol Allahabad Dept Comp Sci & Engn Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India

Blockchain technology is an emerging solution to various financial applications that require a secure and tamper-proof transactions system. One such application is the land registry. Management of transactions for land registration is a tedious task. It is highly insecure and subject to forgery land records, Issues in verification, mediators, etc. This article presents a scalable and novel property/land registration frame-work based on blockchain technology. The transparent and immutable nature of blockchain technology makes it reliable for intrusive and fraudulent land registration activities. The framework uses the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) swarm network. It allows the sharing and storing of data in an efficient, decentralized, and transparent manner. This article also proposes a Trusted Node Consensus Algorithm (TNCA) based on the miners' trust value that minimizes the computational over-head of broadcasting the new block. The proposed approach -trusted node consensus algorithm requires lesser time to add the block into the blockchain, and message exchange per consensus is 58.94% lesser than the traditional Proof-of-Work (PoW) approach and 26.44% lesser time than the existing load -balanced method. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： Blockchain Peer-To-Peer computing InterPlanetary File System distributed ledger technology Property transaction system Consensus mechanism

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distributed ledger technology and property registers: displacement or status quo

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Law, Innovation and technology 2021年第2期13卷 377-397页

作者： Quinn, John Connolly, Barry School of Law and Government Dublin City University Dublin Ireland Irish Solicitor and Senior Legal Council at Three Dublin Ireland

There are two primary purposes of property registers. First, they make public the proprietary interests that exist in a piece of property (disclosure). Second, they provide confidence to the holders of proprietary interests that their rights will be enforceable against other parties and will take priority over lesser competing interests (assurance). However, disclosure and assurance are only useful to the extent that the information held on the register is accurate and trusted. Accuracy and trust have traditionally been ensured by using an independent intermediary. However, many existing property registration systems based on intermediaries have limitations and fail to provide a complete, accurate and fully reliable public record. This article addresses whether distributed ledger technology (‘DLT’) is better equipped than intermediaries to achieve the primary aims of disclosure and assurance. In considering the efficacy of DLT in this context, the article analyses three specific use cases as examples: the company charge register, registrable intellectual property (patents and trademarks) and copyright. The article argues that DLT cannot overcome all problems associated with achieving full disclosure and assurance, but in certain contexts it can offer specific advantages over existing registration systems. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： blockchain distributed ledger technology intellectual property property registration

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distributed ledger technology for securities clearing and settlement: benefits, risks, and regulatory implications

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Financial Innovation 2020年第1期6卷 191-215页

作者： Randy Priem UniversitéSaint-Louis Boulevard du Jardin Botanique 431000 BrusselsBelgium

This article outlines the benefits and risks of the distributed ledger technology(DLT)for the clearing and settlement of exchange-traded and OTC securities,followed by a description of the technology’s potential role for central counterparties and central securities *** the industry and scholars are attempting to solve the technological and operational issues that DLT systems still face,outstanding legal risks are such that the financial industry is asking for more regulatory guidance and *** article wants to contribute to the public policy debate by presenting potential regulatory barriers that may have to be removed for DLT to be fully *** addition,it identifies areas requiring an update of the legal framework in order to address certain prudential and conduct risks that this technology could introduce.

关键词： distributed ledger technology Blockchain Clearing Settlement and financial regulation

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distributed ledger technology for Automotive Production 4.0 28

Distributed Ledger Technology for Automotive Production 4.0

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28th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR)

作者： Zivic, Natasa

ISBN: (纸本)9780738142432

distributed ledger technology (DLT) is a relative new technology, which already has a significant impact, especially in a field of financing. Nevertheless, there are many more fields, like technical, social, juristic, security etc., which will be more and more influenced by the usage of DLT. One of these fields is an industrial one: Industry 4.0 with its numerous technical and technological branches. There are revolutionary changes in all of these branches involved through the Internet of Things and through the high-level Robotics/Automation. One of integral components of the global economy, the automotive industry, has been faced many challenges in recent times like climate changes, new regulations, security and safety challenges of Car-to-Car and Car-to-Infrastructure communications, new hardware and software architecture, new functionalities and new business models. In order to successfully master new demands, new technologies and alternative business models are needed. Those technologies have to be integrated into Industry 4.0, in particularly Car Industry 4.0. One of these new technologies is DLT. This paper proposes the usage of DLT in an essential part of a Car Industry: its production. The car production is already fully automated and cannot be imagined without robots nowadays. Involvement of DLT in network of robots brings numerous advantages in car production, which will be analyzed in this paper.

关键词： Industry 4.0 Car Production distributed ledger technology Blockchain Robotics Smart Factory Security

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Assessment of the distributed ledger technology for Energy Sector Industrial and Operational Applications Using the MITRE ATT&CK® ICS Matrix

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 69854-69883页

作者： Lee, Annabelle Gourisetti, Sri Nikhil Gupta Sebastian-Cardenas, David Jonathan Lambert, Kent Navarro, Vicente Pasetti, Marco Cali, Umit Isirova, Kateryna Reddi, Ramesh Nitu, Puica Touhiduzzaman, Md. Mylrea, Michael Huff, Philip Rahimi, Farrokh Saha, Shammya Shananda Nevermore Secur Evergreen CO 80439 USA Natl Resilience Inc San Diego CA 92121 USA Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Richland WA 99354 USA BlockFrame Inc Colorado Springs CO 80919 USA Technol Univ Panama Fac Elect Engn Panama City 081907289 Panama Univ Brescia Dept Informat Engn I-25123 Brescia Italy Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Energy N-7491 Trondheim Norway KPMG CH-8036 Zurich Switzerland CybSecBCML Inc Raleigh NC 27615 USA Canadian Inst World Energy Syst Toronto ON M5X 1C9 Canada Pacific Northwest Natl Lab Portland OR 97204 USA Univ Miami Inst Data Sci & Comp Miami FL 33146 USA Univ Arkansas Little Rock Dept Comp Sci Little Rock AR 72204 USA Open Access Technol Int Inc Minneapolis MN 55418 USA Elect Power Res Inst Knoxville TN 37932 USA

In recent times, distributed ledger technology (DLT) has gained significant attention for its potential application in the energy sector. Utilizing blockchain and DLT has demonstrated the ability to enhance the resilience of the electric infrastructure, which will support a more flexible infrastructure and advance grid modernization. However, the deployment of these technologies increases the overall attack surface. The MITRE ATT & CK (R) matrices have been developed to document an adversary's tactics and techniques based on real-world observations. The MITRE ATT & CK (R) matrices provide a common taxonomy for offense and defense and have become a valuable conceptual tool across multiple cybersecurity disciplines for conveying threat intelligence, performing testing through red teaming or adversary emulation, and enhancing network and system defenses against intrusions. The MITRE ATT & CK (R) for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) matrix was created to provide knowledge about adversary behavior in the ICS technology domain. This study analyzes the relevance of various tactics and techniques across a seven-layer DLT engineering and cybersecurity stack, known as the DLT stack, designed by the Cybersecurity Taskforce under IEEE P2418.5 - Standard for Blockchain in Energy working group sponsored by Power and Energy Systems - Smart Buildings, Loads and Customer Systems (PES/SBLC) Technical Committee. Additionally, this paper identifies specific mitigation strategies tailored to the energy ICS environment.

关键词： distributed ledger Resilience Integrated circuits Computer security Risk management Databases Cyberattack Cybersecurity distributed ledger technology INDEX TERMS MITRE ICS ATT & CK & REG power systems resiliency

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