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Multi-objective simulated annealing-based quantum circuit cutting for distributed quantum computation

PHYSICA SCRIPTA 2024年第11期99卷 115108-115108页

作者： Hou, Guangwu Zhu, Changhua Sun, Yi Xidian Univ Sch Telecommun Engn Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China Xidian Univ Collaborat Innovat Ctr Quantum Informat Shaanxi Pr Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China Xian Univ Posts & Telecommun Shaanxi Key Lab Informat Commun Network & Secur Xian 710121 Shaanxi Peoples R China

In the current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, the number of qubits and the depth of quantum circuits in a quantum computer are limited because of complex operation among increasing number of qubits, low-fidelity quantum gates under noise, and short coherence time of physical qubits. However, with distributed quantum computation (DQC) in which multiple small-scale quantum computers cooperate, large-scale quantum circuits can be implemented. In DQC, it is a key step to decompose large-scale quantum circuits into several small-scale subcircuits equivalently. In this paper, we propose a quantum circuit cutting scheme for the circuits consisting of only single-qubit gates and two-qubit gates. In the scheme, the number of non-local gates and the rounds of subcircuits operation are minimized by using the multi-objective simulated annealing (MOSA) algorithm to cluster the gates and to choose the cutting positions whilst using non-local gates. A reconstruction process is also proposed to calculate the probability distribution of output states of the original circuit. As an example, the 7-qubit circuit of Shor algorithm factoring 15 is used to verify the algorithm. Five cutting schemes are recommended, which can be selected according to practical requirements. Compared with the results of the mixing integer programming (MIP) algorithm, the number of execution rounds is efficiently reduced by slightly increasing the number of nonlocal gates.

关键词： distributed quantum computation circuit cutting nonlocal quantum gate multi-objective simulated annealing

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An Evolutionary Approach to Optimizing Teleportation Cost in distributed quantum computation

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS 2020年第4期59卷 1315-1329页

作者： Houshmand, Mahboobeh Mohammadi, Zahra Zomorodi-Moghadam, Mariam Houshmand, Monireh Islamic Azad Univ Dept Comp Engn Mashhad Branch Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Iran Imam Reza Int Univ Dept Elect Engn Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Iran Ferdowsi Univ Mashhad Dept Comp Engn Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Iran

distributed quantum computing has been well-known for many years as a system composed of a number of small-capacity quantum circuits. Limitations in the capacity of monolithic quantum computing systems can be overcome by using distributed quantum systems which communicate with each other through known communication links. In our previous study, an algorithm with an exponential complexity was proposed to optimize the number of qubit teleportations required for the communications between two partitions of a distributed quantum circuit (DQC). In this work, a genetic algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem in a more efficient way. The results are compared with the previous study and we show that our approach works almost the same with a remarkable speed-up. Moreover, the comparison of the proposed approach based on GA with a random search over the search space verifies the effectiveness of GA.

关键词： Communication cost distributed quantum computation Genetic algorithms (GA) Optimization Teleportation

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Efficient multi-party quantum secret-sharing protocol

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CHINESE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 2024年 92卷 664-674页

作者： Xin, Xiangjun He, Fan Qiu, Shujing Li, Chaoyang Li, Fagen Zhengzhou Univ Light Ind Coll Software Engn Zhengzhou 450002 Peoples R China Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Comp Sci & Engn Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China

Context: quantum secret sharing allows one secret dealer to divide his/her secret among different participants. Only when all the participants pool their secret pieces together can the secret be reconstructed. quantum secret-sharing protocol can provide high security for users who need to share some secret information among some partners. It is also a useful tool in many applications such as secure operations of joint sharing of quantum money, sharing ancilla states, and distributed quantum computation. Objective: We propose a novel multi-party quantum secret-sharing protocol (MPQSSP). Methods: In our protocol, the dealer mixes the particle sequence of the Bell states and sends the sequence to the participants. The participants encode their secret pieces into Pauli operators, which are applied to the received particle sequence. After annularly transmitting and operating the particle sequence, the participants return the particle sequence to the dealer, who can share a secret with the partners by measuring the returned sequence with the Bell basis. Results: The proposed MPQSSP has the merits as follows. First, its qubit efficiency can be 100% when the sample bits of the secret and the corresponding sample qubits are ignored (In our protocol when the qubit efficiency is computed, the sample bits and the corresponding Bell states used to check eavesdropping are ignored). Second, it can protect participants' privacy and interests, since the dealer cannot derive the secret piece of any participant although he/she masters the secret. Third, the participants need not perform many quantum operations and measurements to check the eavesdropping, which helps improve the efficiency of the protocol. Fourth, compared with most of the similar MPQSSPs, the quantum resources of the proposed one are relatively easier to prepare. At last, the proposed protocol has the security against various eavesdropping attacks. Conclusion: The merits above show that Our MPQSSP is relatively more p

关键词： Secret-sharing protocol quantum secret-sharing protocol Secret piece distributed quantum computation

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distributed exact Grover’s algorithm

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Frontiers of physics 2023年第5期18卷 255-279页

作者： Xu Zhou Daowen Qiu Le Luo Institute of Quantum Computing and Computer Theory School of Computer Science and EngineeringSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510006China The Guangdong Key Laboratory of Information Security Technology Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510006China School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China QUDOOR Co Ltd.Beijing 100089China

distributed quantum computation has gained extensive *** this paper,we consider a search problem that includes only one target item in the unordered *** that,we propose a distributed exact Grover’s algorithm(DEGA),which decomposes the original search problem into■n/2■***,(i)our algorithm is as exact as the modified version of Grover’s algorithm by Long,which means the theoretical probability of finding the objective state is 100%;(ii)the actual depth of our circuit is 8(n mod 2)+9,which is less than the circuit depths of the original and modified Grover’s algorithms,1+8■π/4√2^(n)■and 9+8■π/4√2^(n)-1/2■,*** only depends on the parity of n,and it is not deepened as n increases;(iii)we provide particular situations of the DEGA on Mindquantum(a quantum software)to demonstrate the practicality and validity of our *** our circuit is shallower,it will be more resistant to the depolarization channel noise.

关键词： distributed quantum computation search problem distributed exact Grover’s algorithm(DEGA) Mindquantum the depolarization channel noise

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Multiuser Entanglement Distribution in quantum Networks Using Multipath Routing

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON QUANTUM ENGINEERING

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON quantum ENGINEERING 2023年第1期4卷 1页

作者： Sutcliffe, Evan Beghelli, Alejandra UCL Elect & Elect Engn Dept Opt Networks Grp London WC1E 7JE England

quantum networks facilitate numerous applications including secure communication and distributed quantum computation by performing entanglement distribution. For some multiuser quantum applications, access to a shared multipartite state is required. We consider the problem of designing protocols for distributing such states, at an increased rate. For this, we propose three protocols that leverage multipath routing to increase the distribution rate for multiuser applications. The protocols are evaluated on quantum networks with noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) constraints, including limited quantum memories and probabilistic entanglement generation. Simulation results show that the developed protocols achieve an exponential increase in the distribution rate of multipartite states compared to single-path routing techniques, with a maximum increase of four orders of magnitude for the cases studied. Furthermore, the relative increase in the distribution rate was also found to improve for larger sets of users. When the protocols were tested in scaled-down real-world topologies, it was found that a topology had a significant effect on the multipartite state distribution rates achieved by the protocols. Finally, we found that the benefits of multipath routing are maximum for short quantum memory decoherence times and intermediate values of entanglement generation probability. Hence, the protocols developed can benefit NISQ quantum network control and design.

关键词： quantum networks distributed quantum computation Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states multipartite quantum communication quantum internet quantum networks distributed quantum computation Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states multipartite quantum communication quantum internet

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Backcasting Perspectives on Services of Future quantum Internet 3

Backcasting Perspectives on Services of Future Quantum Inter...

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3rd IEEE International Conference on quantum Software (IEEE QSW)

作者： Nagayama, Shota Sasaki, Toshihiko Soeda, Akihito Mercari Inc Mercari R4D Tokyo Japan Keio Univ Grad Sch Media & Governance Fujisawa Japan Univ Tokyo Dept Appl Phys Grad Sch Engn Tokyo Japan Natl Inst Informat Principles Informat Res Div Tokyo Japan SOKENDAI Grad Univ Adv Studies Informat Program Tokyo Japan Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Sci Dept Phys Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350368482;9798350368475

A quantum internet is an emerging quantum information technology, possibly becoming a pinnacle of wide-area distributed system allowed under the laws of physics. The current expansion of quantum technologies would lead to innumerable types of quantum systems, composed of various kinds of quantum devices connected by a dedicated quantum network. However, the (inter)connectivity offered by a quantum internet should ideally be agnostic of the technologies used by each component system. Furthermore, concurrent progresses of the quantum technologies complicate the task of defining what a quantum internet is. In this paper, we adopt a backcasting approach to elucidate what a quantum internet should be. We begin by discussing what we believe to be the requirements of an ultimate distributed quantum system, from which we explain what role a quantum internet would play in achieving this ultimate system. We then lead to more practical requirements on a quantum internet, considering the known and expected constraints in designing a quantum internet. We also organize and categorize the relationship among known quantum network technologies and services relevant to a quantum internet. We hope this document to lay a common ground for all the key stakeholders of a quantum internet, including researchers, industrial enterprises, and policy makers and regulators.

关键词： distributed quantum computation quantum Computer quantum Internet quantum Internet Architecture quantum Network

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distributed quantum Algorithm for the NISQ Era: A Novel Approach to Solving Simon's Problem with Reduced Resources

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ADVANCED quantum TECHNOLOGIES 2025年第5期8卷

作者： Zhou, Xu Wang, Yuchen Tao, Wenxuan Zhou, Zhuojun Luo, Le Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Phys & Astron Zhuhai 519082 Peoples R China QUDOOR Co Ltd Beijing 100089 Peoples R China QUDOOR Co Ltd Hefei 230000 Peoples R China Sun Yat Sen Univ Guangdong Prov Key Lab Quantum Metrol & Sensing Zhuhai 519082 Peoples R China Quantum Sci Ctr Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Shenzhen 518045 Peoples R China

distributed quantum computation has gained significant interest in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. This paradigm requires each computing node to possess a reduced number of qubits and quantum gates. In this study, a distributed Simon's Algorithm (DSA) is designed to tackle Simon's problem, which entails the discovery of a hidden string s is an element of {0, 1}n of a promised Boolean function f : {0, 1}n -> {0, 1}m, where f (x) = f (y) if and only if x = y or x circle plus y = s. Specifically, 1) our algorithm is capable of being partitioned into any t nodes, where 2 <= t <= n;2) the number of queries required by the DSA is n - t, while that of the original Simon's algorithm (SA) is n - 1;3) the maximum number of qubits required by our approach at a single node is max ( n0, n1, ... , nt-1 ) + m, which is fewer than the qubits required by both the SA and existing distributed Simon's algorithm. Here, nj denotes the number of computing qubits needed for the j-th node and satisfies & sum;t-1 j=0 nj = n;4) the optimal circuit depth of the DSA is (m + 1) . 2 n t + 2, which is reduced compared to the circuit depth of the SA, (m + 1) . 2n + 2;5) in contrast to currently distributed schemes, the DSA eliminates the need for classical queries;6) how the DSA solves a specific Simon's problem (e.g., s = 1000) is also simulated using MindSpore quantum, a quantum simulation software. The simulation results show that the DSA features a shallower quantum circuit, thereby demonstrating enhanced resistance to circuit noise. This characteristic makes it more feasible for implementation in the NISQ era.

关键词： distributed quantum computation noisy intermediate-scale quantum (nisq) era distributed Simon's algorithm (dsa) mindspore quantum quantum simulation software

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distributed Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm

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PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 2023年 629卷

作者： Zhou, Xu Qiu, Daowen Luo, Le Sun Yat Sen Univ Inst Quantum Comp & Comp Theory Sch Comp Sci & Engn Guangzhou 510006 Peoples R China Sun Yat Sen Univ Guangdong Key Lab Informat Secur Technol Guangzhou 510006 Peoples R China Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Phys & Astron Zhuhai 519082 Peoples R China QUDOOR Co Ltd Beijing 100089 Peoples R China

distributed quantum computation has been considered an alternative and beneficial application in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, which needs fewer qubits and quantum gates. In this paper, we consider the Bernstein-Vazirani (BV) problem that needs to identify the hidden string s is an element of {0, 1}(n) of Boolean function f(s)(x) = < s center dot x > = (Sigma(n-1)(i=0) s(i) center dot x(i)) mod 2 : {0, 1}(n) -> {0, 1}. In the first instance, we subtly generate t subfunctions fS(nj) (m(j)) = < S-nj center dot m(j)> : {0, 1}(nj) {0, 1} according to f(s)(x), where S-nj is an element of {0, 1}(nj), Sigma(t-1)(j=0) n(j) = n, and j is an element of {0, 1,..., t - 1}. After that, we propose a distributed Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm (DBVA) with 2 <= t <= n computing nodes, which will exactly acquire s = Sn0Sn1 center dot center dot center dot Snt-1 is an element of {0, 1}(n). To be more specific, (1) the query complexity of DBVA is O(1) rather than O(n);(2) the circuit depth of DBVA is 2(max(n0,n1,...,nt-1)) + 3 less than the circuit depth of the BV algorithm 2(n) + 3;(3) we request neither auxiliary qubits nor further classical queries;(4) we explicate how DBVA decomposes a 6-qubit BV algorithm into two 3-qubit or three 2-qubit BV algorithms on Mindquantum (a quantum software), which validates the correctness and practicable of DBVA. Eventually, by simulating the algorithms running in the depolarized channel, it further illustrates that distributed quantum algorithms have the superiority of resisting noise. (c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： distributed quantum computation Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era distributed Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm (DBVA) Mindquantum The depolarized channel

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Protocols for Creating and Distilling Multipartite GHZ States With Bell Pairs

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON QUANTUM ENGINEERING

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON quantum ENGINEERING 2020年 1卷 1页

作者： De Bone, Sebastian Ouyang, Runsheng Goodenough, Kenneth Elkouss, David Delft Univ Technol QuTech NL-2628 CJ Delft Netherlands QuSoft Ctr Wiskunde Informat NL-1098 XG Amsterdam Netherlands Tsinghua Univ Dept Phys Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Swiss Fed Inst Technol Dept Informat Technol & Elect Engn CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland

The distribution of high-quality Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states is at the heart of many quantum communication tasks, ranging from extending the baseline of telescopes to secret sharing. They also play an important role in error-correction architectures for distributed quantum computation, where Bell pairs can be leveraged to create an entangled network of quantum computers. We investigate the creation and distillation of GHZ states out of nonperfect Bell pairs over quantum networks. In particular, we introduce a heuristic dynamic programming algorithm to optimize over a large class of protocols that create and purify GHZ states. All protocols considered use a common framework based on measurements of nonlocal stabilizer operators of the target state (i.e., the GHZ state), where each nonlocal measurement consumes another (nonperfect) entangled state as a resource. The new protocols outperform previous proposals for scenarios without decoherence and local gate noise. Furthermore, the algorithms can be applied for finding protocols for any number of parties and any number of entangled pairs involved.

关键词： distributed quantum computation entanglement distillation Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states

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Towards long-distance quantum networks with superconducting processors and optical links

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quantum SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019年第4期4卷

作者： Kumar, Sourabh Lauk, Nikolai Simon, Christoph Univ Calgary Inst Quantum Sci & Technol Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada Univ Calgary Dept Phys & Astron Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada CALTECH Div Phys Math & Astron & Alliance Quantum Technol 1200 East Calif Blvd Pasadena CA 91125 USA

We design a quantum repeater architecture, necessary for long distance quantum networks, using the recently proposed microwave cat state qubits, formed and manipulated via interaction between a superconducting nonlinear element and a microwave cavity. These qubits are especially attractive for repeaters because in addition to serving as excellent computational units with deterministic gate operations, they also have coherence times long enough to deal with the unavoidable propagation delays. Since microwave photons are too low in energy to be able to carry quantum information over long distances, as an intermediate step, we expand on a recently proposed microwave to optical transduction protocol using excited states of a rare-earth ion (Er3+) doped crystal. To enhance the entanglement distribution rate, we propose to use spectral multiplexing by employing an array of cavities at each node. We compare our achievable rates with direct transmission and with two other promising repeater approaches, and show that ours could be higher in appropriate regimes, even in the presence of realistic imperfections and noise, while maintaining reasonably high fidelities of the final state. Thus, in the short term, our work could be directly useful for secure quantum communication, whereas in the long term, we can envision a large scale distributed quantum computing network built on our architecture.

关键词： quantum internet quantum communication quantum repeaters distributed quantum computation quantum networks

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