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Automatic architecture design for distributed quantum computing

Chinese Physics B 2024年第12期33卷 45-59页

作者： Ting-Yu Luo Yu-Zhen Zheng Xiang Fu Yu-Xin Deng Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing East China Normal UniversityShanghai 200062China Institute for Quantum Information&State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing College of ComputerNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China Tianjin Institute of Advanced Technology Tianjin 300459China

In distributed quantum computing(DQC),quantum hardware design mainly focuses on providing as many as possible high-quality inter-chip ***,quantum software tries its best to reduce the required number of remote quantum gates between ***,this“hardware first,software follows”methodology may not fully exploit the potential of *** by classical software-hardware co-design,this paper explores the design space of application-specific DQC *** specifically,we propose Auto Arch,an automated quantum chip network(QCN)structure design *** qubits grouping followed by a customized QCN design,AutoArch can generate a near-optimal DQC architecture suitable for target quantum *** results show that the DQC architecture generated by Auto Arch can outperform other general QCN architectures when executing target quantum algorithms.

关键词： distributed quantum computing quantum architecture quantum circuit partitioning

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distributed quantum computing: A survey

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COMPUTER NETWORKS 2024年 254卷

作者： Caleffi, Marcello Amoretti, Michele Ferrari, Davide Illiano, Jessica Manzalini, Antonio Cacciapuoti, Angela Sara Univ Naples Federico II Dept Elect Engn & Informat Technol DIETI FLY Future Commun Lab I-80125 Naples Italy Natl Interuniv Consortium Telecommun CNIT Lab Nazl Comun Multimediali I-80126 Naples Italy Univ Parma Dept Engn & Architecture DIA QSLab Quantum Software Lab I-43124 Parma Italy TIM I-10148 Turin Italy

Nowadays, quantum computing has reached the engineering phase, with fully-functional quantum processors integrating hundreds of noisy qubits. Yet - to fully unveil the potential of quantum computing out of the labs into the business reality - the challenge ahead is to substantially scale the qubit number, reaching orders of magnitude exceeding thousands of fault-tolerant qubits. To this aim, the distributed quantum computing paradigm is recognized as the key solution for scaling the number of qubits. Indeed, accordingly to such a paradigm, multiple small-to-moderate-scale quantum processors communicate and cooperate for executing computational tasks exceeding the computational power of single processing devices. The aim of this survey is to provide the reader with an overview about the main challenges and open problems arising with distributed quantum computing from a computer and communications engineering perspective. Furthermore, this survey provides an easy access and guide towards the relevant literature and the prominent results in the field.

关键词： quantum internet quantum networks quantum communications quantum computing quantum computation distributed quantum computing quantum algorithms quantum compiler quantum compiling Simulator

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Review of distributed quantum computing: From single QPU to High Performance quantum computing

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COMPUTER SCIENCE REVIEW 2025年 57卷

作者： Barral, David Cardama, F. Javier Diaz-Camacho, Guillermo Failde, Daniel Llovo, Iago F. Mussa-Juane, Mariamo Vazquez-Perez, Jorge Villasuso, Juan Pineiro, Cesar Costas, Natalia Pichel, Juan C. Pena, Tomas F. Gomez, Andres Galicia Supercomp Ctr CESGA Avda Vigo S-N Santiago De Compostela 15705 Spain Univ Santiago de Compostela Ctr Singular Invest Tecnoloxias Intelixentes CiTIUS Santiago De Compostela 15782 Spain Univ Santiago de Compostela Dept Elect Comp Santiago De Compostela 15782 Spain

The emerging field of quantum computing has shown it might change how we process information by using the unique principles of quantum mechanics. As researchers continue to push the boundaries of quantum technologies to unprecedented levels, distributed quantum computing raises as an obvious path to explore with the aim of boosting the computational power of current quantum systems. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the current state of the art in the distributed quantum computing field, exploring its foundational principles, landscape of achievements, challenges, and promising directions for further research. From quantum communication protocols to entanglement-based distributed algorithms, each aspect contributes to the mosaic of distributed quantum computing, making it an attractive approach to address the limitations of classical computing. Our objective is to offer a comprehensive review that serves both experts in the field and researchers or enthusiasts in quantum computing looking for a starting point to explore the area of distributed quantum computing.

关键词： distributed quantum computing High-performance computing Teleportation quantum networks distributed quantum compilers Circuit knitting distributed quantum applications

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DQC²O: distributed quantum computing for Collaborative Optimization in Future Networks

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IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE 2023年第5期61卷 188-194页

作者： Ngoenriang, Napat Xu, Minrui Kang, Jiawen Niyato, Dusit Yu, Han Shen, Xuemin (Sherman) Vidyasirimedhi Inst Sci & Technol Sch Informat Sci & Technol Rayong Thailand Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Singapore Singapore Guangdong Univ Technol Sch Automat Guangzhou Peoples R China Univ Waterloo Dept Elect & Comp Engn Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

With the advantages of high-speed parallel processing, quantum computers can efficiently solve large-scale complex optimization problems in future networks. However, due to the uncertain qubit fidelity and quantum channel noise, distributed quantum computing, which relies on quantum networks connected through entanglement, faces many challenges in exchanging information across quantum computers. In this article, we propose an adaptive distributed quantum computing approach, called DQC(2)O, to manage quantum computers and quantum networks for solving optimization tasks in future networks. Firstly, we describe the fundamentals of quantum computing and its distributed concept in quantum networks. Secondly, to address the uncertainty of future demands of collaborative optimization tasks and instability over quantum networks, we propose a quantum resource allocation scheme based on stochastic programming for minimizing quantum resource consumption. Finally, based on the proposed approach, we discuss the potential military applications of collaborative optimization in future networks, such as smart grid management, IoT cooperation, and semantic communications. Promising research directions that can lead to the design and implementation of future distributed quantum computing frameworks are also highlighted.

关键词： distributed quantum computing quantum networks resource allocation stochastic programming

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Towards a distributed quantum computing Platform for Algorithm Experiments 5

Towards a Distributed Quantum Computing Platform for Algorit...

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2024 International Conference on quantum computing and Engineering

作者： Kashani, Sajjad Singh, Angadh Stege, Ulrike Univ Victoria Victoria BC Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9798331541378

distributed quantum computing (DQC) is a rapidly evolving field with its own unique challenges. Distributing a quantum algorithm involves several key steps and considerations. The steps involve decomposition at various levels of abstraction, given the underlying quantum stack and quantum network capabilities. In our DQC design explorations, we focus on the distribution at the algorithm and circuit levels. Algorithmic distribution involves distributing tasks before compilation, allowing different quantum processing units (QPUs) to receive distinct parts of an algorithm. Circuit distribution involves executing a quantum algorithm in a distributed manner at the circuit execution level using circuit and adaptive quantum technologies. If entanglement across QPUs is supported, then quantum states can be shared between qubits on remote quantum processors. This requires a specialized architecture with data and communication qubits with non-local gates such as telegates and teledata gates. This paper presents our progress towards a framework for exploring quantum distribution at the algorithm and circuit levels. Our implementation and case studies demonstrate the feasibility of our approach and show effective pathways for distributed quantum algorithm experiments.

关键词： distributed quantum computing distributed quantum Framework

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Network Topology Design for distributed quantum computing 44

Network Topology Design for Distributed Quantum Computing

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44th IEEE International Conference on distributed computing Systems (ICDCS)

作者： Mao, Yingling Liu, Yu Shang, Xiaojun Yang, Yuanyuan SUNY Stony Brook Dept Elect & Comp Engn Stony Brook NY 11794 USA Univ Texas Arlington Dept Comp Sci & Engn Arlington TX 76019 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350386066;9798350386059

distributed quantum computing (DQC) has the potential to solve industrial large-scale problems by connecting multiple small quantum processors together to form a larger computing system. Concerning the emerging distributed paradigm, a pivotal challenge lies in crafting specialized network topologies to establish efficient connections among quantum processors while minimizing communication costs. In this paper, we propose a novel DQC topology generation algorithm (DQC-TG) to create optimal and near-optimal network topologies for homogeneous and heterogeneous quantum computers, respectively. Furthermore, for specific quantum circuits requiring diverse communication demands between each pair of qubits, we extend the original algorithm into DQC-TG-Plus to design network topologies tailored for these circuits to further enhance the performance. We perform extensive simulations to evaluate the superiority of the generated network topology designs by our algorithms to baselines.

关键词： distributed quantum computing network topology optimization problem

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Generalised Circuit Partitioning for distributed quantum computing 5

Generalised Circuit Partitioning for Distributed Quantum Com...

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2024 International Conference on quantum computing and Engineering

作者： Burt, Felix Chen, Kuan-Cheng Leung, Kin K. Imperial Coll London Dept Elect & Elect Engn London England

ISBN: (纸本)9798331541378

distributed quantum computing (DQC) is a new paradigm aimed at scaling up quantum computing via the interconnection of smaller quantum processing units (QPUs). Shared entanglement allows teleportation of both states and gates between QPUs. This leads to an attractive horizontal scaling of quantum processing power that comes at the expense of the additional time and noise introduced by entanglement sharing protocols. Consequently, protocols for partitioning quantum circuits should aim to minimise the amount of entanglement-based communication required between distributed QPUs. Existing protocols tend to focus primarily on optimising entanglement costs for gate teleportation or state teleportation to cover operations between QPUs, rather than both at the same time. The most general form of the problem should treat gate and state teleportation on the same footing, allowing minimal cost circuit partitions through a combination of the two. This work introduces a graph based formulation that allows joint optimisation of gate and state teleportation cost. The formulation permits low e -bit cost for a variety of circuit types. Using a genetic algorithm, improved performance over state-of-the-art methods is obtained in terms of both average e -bit cost and time scaling.

关键词： quantum computing distributed quantum computing Optimization quantum Networks quantum Communication

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Applying an Evolutionary Algorithm to Minimize Teleportation Costs in distributed quantum computing 5

Applying an Evolutionary Algorithm to Minimize Teleportation...

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2024 International Conference on quantum computing and Engineering

作者： Suenkel, Leo Dawar, Manik Gabor, Thomas Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Munich Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798331541378

By connecting multiple quantum computers (QCs) through classical and quantum channels, a quantum communication network can be formed. This gives rise to new applications such as blind quantum computing, distributed quantum computing, and quantum key distribution. In distributed quantum computing, QCs collectively perform a quantum computation. As each device only executes a sub -circuit with fewer qubits than required by the complete circuit, a number of small QCs can be used in combination to execute a large quantum circuit that a single QC could not solve on its own. However, communication between QCs may still occur. Depending on the connectivity of the circuit, qubits must be teleported to different QCs in the network, adding overhead to the actual computation;thus, it is crucial to minimize the number of teleportations. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary algorithm for this problem. More specifically, the algorithm assigns qubits to QCs in the network for each time step of the circuit such that the overall teleportation cost is minimized Moreover, network -specific constraints such as the capacity of each QC in the network can be taken into account. We run experiments on random as well as benchmarking circuits and give an outline on how this method can be adjusted to be incorporated into more realistic network settings as well as in compilers for distributed quantum computing. Our results show that an evolutionary algorithm is well suited for this problem when compared to the graph partitioning approach as it delivers better results while simultaneously allows the easy integration and consideration of various problem -specific constraints.

关键词： distributed quantum computing Evolutionary Algorithms quantum Networks quantum Teleportation Cost

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A Design Framework for the Simulation of distributed quantum computing

A Design Framework for the Simulation of Distributed Quantum...

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Workshop on High Performance and quantum computing Integration (HPQCI)

作者： Ferrari, Davide Amoretti, Michele Univ Parma Parma Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9798400706431

The growing demand for large-scale quantum computers is pushing research on distributed quantum computing (DQC). Recent experimental efforts have demonstrated some of the building blocks for such a design. DQC systems are clusters of quantum processing units (QPUs) connected by means of quantum network infrastructures. Their extension ranges from the single box to the geographical scale. Furthermore, they can be integrated with classical High Performance computing systems. Simulation modeling of DQC architectures provides a safe way to test and explore different what if scenarios. Many simulation tools have been developed to support the research community in designing and evaluating quantum computer and quantum network technologies, including hardware, protocols, and applications. However, a framework for DQC simulation putting equal emphasis on computational and networking aspects has never been proposed, so far. In this paper, a design framework for DQC simulation is presented, whose core component is an Execution Manager that schedules DQC jobs for running on networked quantum computers. Two metrics are proposed for evaluating the impact of the job scheduling algorithms with respect to QPU utilization and quantum network utilization, beyond the traditional concept of makespan. The discussion is supported by a DQC job scheduling example, where two different strategies are compared in terms of the proposed metrics.

关键词： distributed quantum computing Simulation Framework Job Scheduling

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Secret Addressing Scheme using distributed quantum computing 5

Secret Addressing Scheme using Distributed Quantum Computing

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2024 International Conference on quantum computing and Engineering

作者： Faujdar, Jyoti Ullah, Muhammad Asad Soualhia, Mbarka Broadbent, Anne Ericsson Res Montreal PQ Canada Ericsson Res Stockholm Sweden Univ Ottawa Dept Math & Stat Ottawa ON Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9798331541378

Within the evolving landscape of confidential and trustworthy computing, this paper delves into the prevalent challenges such as secrecy or privacy associated with existing addressing schemes. Taking these issues into consideration, we propose a novel solution, drawing inspiration from distributed quantum computing algorithms, to generate a secret addressing scheme. The objective is to enhance the confidentiality and reliability of computing systems. This proposed solution, inspired from quantum phase estimation (QPE), assigns a unique and confidential address to each node in a network. It also dynamically adapts to changes in the network or system configurations by using the proposed QPE-inspired approach for every new incoming node in the network. We have implemented our solution on a quantum network simulator, namely NetSquid, to assess the effectiveness of our proposed solution under varying conditions, including scenarios with and without noise models. The simulation results of our proposed solution demonstrate both scalability (e.g., it takes 34.5ns to address a single computing node with a 3-bit address and 230ns with up to 20-bit addresses) and accuracy (e.g., success probability of intended address distribution without noises is 100% and with mild noises it is roughly 80%). Our proposed solution effectively handles the growth of the network while ensuring a consistently high level of accuracy.

关键词： secret addressing distributed quantum computing confidential and trustworthy computing

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