A U-band phase-locked loop (PLL) with implicit distributed resonators in the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) using 40 nm CMOS is investigated in this brief. While LC-b...
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A U-band phase-locked loop (PLL) with implicit distributed resonators in the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) using 40 nm CMOS is investigated in this brief. While LC-based, transformer-based, and distributed resonators are typically adopted for mm-wave and sub-terahertz applications, implicit distributed resonators are proposed to enhance the oscillation frequency of the VCO and expand the locking range of the ILFD. The operating principles and the characteristics of the proposed implicit distributed resonators are discussed for intuitive insight. The presented PLL occupies 0.53 mm(2) core area and has 81.8 mW power consumption. The PLL achieves a measured frequency range of 8.15 GHz (16%) from 46.75 GHz to 54.9 GHz. The measured phase noise is -91.8 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency from a carrier of 46.75 GHz. The proposed U-band PLL can provide a clear and stable local oscillation signal for the transceivers operating at mm-wave and sub-terahertz (sub-THz) frequency band.
In this paper, multi-layered print circuit board distributed resonators and filters are introduced. Here, the individual elements of the distributed resonator are made as part of a multi-layered print circuit board, c...
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In this paper, multi-layered print circuit board distributed resonators and filters are introduced. Here, the individual elements of the distributed resonator are made as part of a multi-layered print circuit board, commonly used in the circuitry of transceiver boards. In this way, the unused real estate available on the board is used effectively. As a demonstrator of the proposed technology, a 2-pole filter fabricated using a 5-layer substrate and consisting of a matrix of 11 x 11 elements per resonator is fabricated and its performance is measured. Due to a large number of individual elements, which perform dimensional averaging of manufacturing inaccuracies, the filter obtained in this way not only requires no post-production tuning, but it also has an extremely low profile of 5(o), which is the lowest profile to be reported in the literature. The filter was made to operate at a centre frequency of 1.8 GHz with an absolute bandwidth of 65 MHz. The measured and computed results are in good agreement.
In this paper, the design of a 77.3 GHz Standing-Wave oscillator (SWO) is presented. The proposed SWO relies on the distribution of varactors along an asymmetrical slow-wave coplanar stripline, which enables the impro...
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In this paper, the design of a 77.3 GHz Standing-Wave oscillator (SWO) is presented. The proposed SWO relies on the distribution of varactors along an asymmetrical slow-wave coplanar stripline, which enables the improvement of the quality factor of the tunable resonator, resulting in superior performance in terms of phase noise and DC-to-RF efficiency. The design methodology, based on the use of analytical models and abaci, is presented in detail and applied to a design in a 55-nm CMOS technology. With a core consumption of 15.1 mW, the proposed SWO operates from 76.09 GHz to 78.60 GHz and presents a phase noise of -115.1 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset, leading to a Figure of Merit (FOM) of -181 dBc/Hz. The DC-to-RF efficiency obtained is 3.1%.
This article describes two low-power and wide locking range capacitive cross-coupled divideby-2 injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs) implemented in TSMC standard 0.18 mu m processes. The ILFDs are based on a di...
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This article describes two low-power and wide locking range capacitive cross-coupled divideby-2 injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs) implemented in TSMC standard 0.18 mu m processes. The ILFDs are based on a differential VCO with one direct injection MOSFET for coupling the external signal to the spiral-inductor resonator. The first/second ILFD uses five/three on-chip inductors in series with parasitic varactors as a multi-resonance resonator. Three measured features are identified. The ILFDs have two non-overlapped locking ranges at low input power, they have two free-running oscillation frequency bands, and the frequency tuning versus gate bias of cross-coupled transistors shows the frequency tuning hysteresis. The power consumption of the 5-L ILFD core is 5.43 mW and the locking range is 6.07 GHz (116.395%) from 2.18 to 8.25 GHz at injection power P-inj =0 dBm. At the supply voltage of 1.1 V, the divider's freerunning oscillation frequency is 3.13 GHz. The die area of the 2nd chip is 0.865 x 0.872 mm(2). The locking range at low input power is larger for the 5-L resonator ILFD.
A method for improving the characteristics near the passband by means of a bandpass filter (BPF) with distributed resonators using tap coupling is proposed. First, with regard to the open-ended lambda/2 resonator, a s...
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A method for improving the characteristics near the passband by means of a bandpass filter (BPF) with distributed resonators using tap coupling is proposed. First, with regard to the open-ended lambda/2 resonator, a short-ended lambda/2 resonator and a one-end shorted lambda/4 resonator, improvement of the resonant characteristics is attempted by realization of attenuation, poles. Next, improvement of the characteristics near the passband by means of a BPF extensively using the basic performance of the resonator is studied. The results confirm that improvement of the resonant characteristics is possible by realization of attenuation poles near the fundamental resonant frequency by the use of an appropriate resonator with tap coupling. It is also confirmed that multipole characteristics and position control are easily realized near the passband by application of the fundamental characteristic to the BPF. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The paper derives approximate eigennetworks for the demagnetised counterrotating modes of partial-height ferrite-waveguide circulators. The susceptance-slope parameter obtained from these eigennetworks is found to be ...
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The paper derives approximate eigennetworks for the demagnetised counterrotating modes of partial-height ferrite-waveguide circulators. The susceptance-slope parameter obtained from these eigennetworks is found to be in good agreement with experimental results at S-, X- and J-bands, and may therefore be used either for analysis or synthesis. Since the gyrator conductance of the circulator is known once the susceptance-slope parameter is obtained, a knowledge of the latter variable makes feasible the complete description of the junction. These networks are constructed in terms of a distributed resonator that determines the operating frequency of the device, and an ideal transformer which is defined by the impedance change between the junction and the input waveguide.
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