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distributed secondary control for DC microgrid under the adaptive event-triggered protocol

TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF MEASUREMENT AND control 2025年第9期47卷 1771-1782页

作者： Chen, Dianjun Wang, Xueshen Sun, Ran Zhang, Ruizhi Zhu, Shaoshu Chen, Jingyuan Ban, Mingfei Heilongjiang Power Co State Grid Harbin Peoples R China State Grid Heilongjiang Elect Power Supply Co Ltd Econ Res Inst Harbin Peoples R China Harbin Huaqiang Power Automat Engn Co Harbin Peoples R China Harbin Hongyuanda Technol Dev Co Ltd Harbin Peoples R China Northeast Forestry Univ Coll Mech & Elect Engn Harbin 150040 Peoples R China

This paper considers the distributed secondary control for direct current (DC) microgrid to regulate the DC bus voltage containing local loads. An adaptive event-triggered protocol is employed to update the control input to save transmission energy and ensure the control performance. Depending on the switch of the converter, a switching dynamical equation is proposed to describe a microgrid with a DC-DC boost converter. Moreover, the Lyapunov technique is developed to assure the stability of the system, which effectively handles real-time precision of input and model uncertainties. Combining this method with proportionate load sharing enables global average voltage management and the system performance preservation in DC microgrids for a variety of disturbances. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation.

关键词： DC microgrid distributed secondary control adaptive event-triggered protocol

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distributed secondary control Based on Bi-Limit Homogeneity for AC Microgrids Subjected to Non-Uniform Delays and Actuator Saturations

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2025年第1期40卷 820-833页

作者： Wang, Qingde Huang, Sunhua Xiong, Linyun Zhou, Yang Niu, Tao Gao, Fei Khan, Muhammad Waseem Wang, Ziqiang Ban, Changyu Song, Ruikai Chongqing Univ Sch Elect Engn Chongqing 400044 Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Key Lab Control Power Transmiss & Convers SJTU Minist Educ Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Hong Kong Polytech Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Hong Kong 999077 Peoples R China Changsha Univ Sci & Technol Sch Elect & Informat Engn Changsha 410114 Peoples R China King Fahd Univ Petr & Minerals Interdisciplinary Res Ctr Sustainable Energy Syst Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia

Frequency and voltage are the most significant indicators in AC microgrids (MGs). To maintain the stability of grid frequency and bus voltage, this paper proposes a distributed secondary control scheme based on bi-limit homogeneity for frequency restoration, average voltage recovery, active and reactive power sharing among DGs in AC MGs subjected to non-uniform communication delays and actuator saturations. First, a state-transformation-based strategy by virtue of the past information of the control input is designed to deal with non-uniform delays, which can fully alleviate the adverse effects of communication delays. Additionally, the hyperbolic tangent function is introduced to approximate the non-smooth saturation function and to design anti-saturation fixed-time controller, which can mitigate the impact caused by actuator saturations. Then, by constructing an auxiliary bi-limit homogeneous system, the fixed-time stability of the close-loop control system with the constraint of actuator saturation can be demonstrated. Finally, several simulation cases are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed strategy on a test MG system, and the results are compared with other existing methods. Simulation and comparison results reveal the proposed method's validity, robustness and flexibility in restoring the MG's frequency/average bus voltage and achieving accurate active/reactive power sharing.

关键词： Delays Actuators Voltage control Frequency control Power system stability control systems Stability analysis AC microgrid non-uniform communication delays actuator saturations bi-limit homogeneity fixed-time control distributed secondary control

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distributed secondary control Based on Dynamic Diffusion Algorithm for Current Sharing and Average Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrids

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第2期12卷 597-607页

作者： Dawei Liao Fei Gao Daniel J.Rogers Wentao Huang Dong Liu Houjun Tang Department of Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina Department of Engineering Science University of OxfordOxford OX12JDU.K. IEEE

This paper introduces a distributed secondary control scheme for achieving current sharing and average voltage regulation objectives in a DC *** proposed scheme employs a dynamic diffusion algorithm(DDA)instead of the consensus algorithm to enable distributed communication among *** help understand DDA,the relation of DDA and other diffusion algorithms is discussed in detail and its superiority is shown by comparison with diffusion and consensus ***,considering the discrete nature and different sampling time of the digital controller and communication network,a z-domain model of the entire DC microgrid is *** influence of communication and secondary control parameters on the system stability is *** on the established model,the tolerable communication rates are ***-time simulations conducted on the OPAL-RT platform validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme,showcasing its advantages in terms of convergence speed and stability.

关键词： Cooperative control DC microgrid diffusion algorithm discrete-time modeling distributed secondary control

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distributed secondary control With an Event-Triggered Consensus-Based Observer for Energy Storage Systems in Islanded DC Microgrids

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 2024年第2期15卷 1167-1179页

作者： Huang, Zuliang Li, Yan Ke, Mingjun Deng, Jing Cent South Univ Sch Automat Changsha 410083 Peoples R China

This paper proposes a distributed secondary control strategy with an event-triggered consensus-based observer. Firstly, a voltage-shifting term is introduced in the proposed control strategy to ensure accurate current sharing, faster state-of-charge (SOC) balancing and bus voltage restoration. Since the SOC balancing speed becomes very slow when the difference in SOC between battery energy units (BEUs) is small, and SOC balancing of BEUs with low power is difficult. Therefore, an adaptive SOC balancing factor to improve the balancing speed is proposed in this control strategy. In addition, communication delay can lead to large errors in traditional consensus-based observers, and continuous communication can bring a significant burden. Considering these issues, the event-triggered consensus-based observer is proposed. This observer can achieve accurate average consensus under communication delay and greatly reduce communication burden. The convergence of the proposed observer under communication delay is theoretically proven, and the Zeno behavior is excluded. At last, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy has been verified in MATLAB/Simulink and RT-LAB experiments.

关键词： Communication delay DC microgrid distributed secondary control energy storage systems (ESSs) event-triggered consensus SOC balancing

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distributed secondary control of DC Microgrid via the Averaging of Virtual Current Derivatives

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2024年第3期71卷 2914-2923页

作者： Xing, Lantao Cai, Jiong Liu, Xiaokang Fang, Jingyang Tian, Yu-Chu Shandong Univ Sch Control Sci & Engn Jinan 250061 Peoples R China Huangzhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Artificial Intelligence & Automat Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Queensland Univ Technol Sch Comp Sci Brisbane Qld 4001 Australia

This article presents a novel distributed secondary control method for dc microgrids. The method improves existing results by considering the effects of transmission line impedances and constant power loads (CPLs) on system stability. Specifically, a new parameter named "virtual current derivative (VCD)" is defined, which simplifies system analysis and facilitates the improved control design. It is shown that through the dynamic averaging of VCDs, the dc microgrid system model can be reduced to a second-order one regardless of the number of converters connected. This second-order model facilitates the stability analyses of the dc microgrid, thereby leading to a sufficient condition for determining the allowable CPL upper bound. Simulation and experiment studies are conducted to verify the proposed method.

关键词： Current sharing DC microgrid distributed secondary control virtual current derivative (VCD) voltage restoration

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distributed secondary control of DC Microgrids Via the Averaging of Virtual Voltage Drop 19

Distributed Secondary Control of DC Microgrids Via the Avera...

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IEEE 19th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA)

作者： Liu, Zhiyong Xing, Lantao Wu, Jing Wang, Lei Shandong Univ Sch Control Sci & Engn Jinan 250012 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Control Sci & Engn Hangzhou Zhejiang Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350360875;9798350360868

In single-bus DC microgrids, primary control poses challenges centered around achieving precise current sharing and restoring the DC bus voltage. While the implementation of droop control effectively addresses the former, it frequently results in undesirable voltage deviations from its desired value. In response to this issue, this study introduces a distributed secondary control strategy based on the concept of 'virtual voltage drop (VVD)'. This strategy integrates VVD with a dynamic average consensus algorithm, thus ensuring accurate current sharing while compensating for voltage variations. Compared with existing results, the proposed strategy does not require the derivatives of VVDs to be bounded, which is more reasonable in practical applications. The efficacy of the proposed strategy is validated through three case studies.

关键词： DC Microgrids distributed secondary control Dynamic Average Consensus Current Sharing Voltage Recovery

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distributed secondary control for Accurate Reactive and Harmonic Power Sharing among VSIs with Integrated Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Capabilities 6

Distributed Secondary Control for Accurate Reactive and Harm...

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6th Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM)

作者： Lorzadeh, Iman Lorzadeh, Omid Dupre, Luc Vandevelde, Lieven Univ Ghent EELAB Dept Elect Syst & Met Eng Ghent Belgium R&D Team Dept Elect Engn Power Elect & Control San Francisco CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350351088;9798350351095

The article proposes a novel hybrid control (HC) scheme that integrates grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) functionalities within a single voltage source inverter (VSI). This HC system serves as the primary control layer, enabling voltage and frequency regulation, providing essential grid support services, and ensuring precise tracking of reference powers without relying on a phase-locked loop. However, achieving precise load sharing among HC-equipped inverter-based resources (IBRs) with mismatched feeder impedances is challenging due to the increasing proliferation of linear and nonlinear loads within islanded AC power distribution systems. To overcome this challenge, a new distributed secondary control scheme is also proposed to ensure accurate reactive and harmonic power sharing among HC-equipped IBRs. This scheme actively compensates for corresponding circulating voltage drops without prior knowledge of mismatched feeder impedances. The incorporation of an enhanced voltage control scheme featuring decoupled fundamental and harmonic voltage control branches enables the simultaneous and autonomous sharing of reactive and harmonic power among HC-based IBRs. Through extensive simulation studies conducted on a standalone distribution system employing three parallel VSIs, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical control framework are validated under various operating conditions.

关键词： grid-forming inverter grid-following inverter hybrid control distributed secondary control reactive and harmonic power sharing inverter-based resources

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distributed secondary control Strategy Based on Q-learning and Pinning control for Droop-controlled Microgrids

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2022年第5期10卷 1314-1325页

作者： Wei Liu Jun Shen Sicong Zhang Na Li Ze Zhu Liang Liang Zhen Wen IEEE Department of Electrical Engineering School of Automation Nanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing 210094China State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co. Ltd. Jiaxing Power Supply CompanyJiaxing230022China

A distributed secondary control(DSC) strategy that combines Q-learning and pinning control is originally proposed to achieve a fully optimal DSC for droop-controlled microgrids(MGs). It takes advantages of cross-fusion of the two algorithms to realize the high efficiency and self-adaptive control in MGs. It has the following advantages. Firstly, it adopts the advantages of reinforcement learning in autonomous learning control and intelligent decision-making, driving the action value of pinning control for feedback adaptive correction. Secondly, only a small part of points selected as pinned points needs to be controlled and pre-learned, hence the actual control problem is transformed into a synchronous tracking problem and the installation number of controllers is further ***, the pinning matrix can be modified to adapt to plugand-play operation under the distributed control ***, the effectiveness and versatility of the proposed strategy are demonstrated with a typical droop-controlled MG model.

关键词： Microgrid distributed secondary control pinning control Q-learning

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Zero-Sum Game-Based distributed secondary control for DC Microgrids Against Stealthy Attacks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN CYBERNETICS-SYSTEMS 2025年第2期55卷 864-875页

作者： Cheng, Fabin Lai, Jingang Zeng, Zhigang Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Artificial Intelligence & Automat Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Minist Educ Key Lab Image Proc & Intelligent Control Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

This article investigates the voltage restoration problem of direct current (DC) microgrids (MGs) under stealth attacks. The fact is that secondary control requires information exchange through sparse communication networks, which makes cybersecurity the key to achieving voltage restoration. Compared with the attack signals launched by nonintelligent attackers, stealthy attack signals are more difficult to capture. Similarly, since MGs actually operate in a closed environment, malicious attackers have limited knowledge of the MG's structural information. Therefore, we reformulate the problem to a two-person zero-sum game between the attacker and defender and then seek the optimal voltage restoration control strategy. In the process of solving the optimal problem, both robustness and convergence of parameter estimation are considered in this article to enhance the feasibility of adaptive dynamic programming schemes. Additionally, while ensuring the voltage restoration performance of DC MGs and considering the constraints of actual network communication, a novel dynamic event-triggered mechanism is designed to reduce information transmission pressure. The effectiveness of the established control scheme is verified through real-time testing equipment built on OPAL-RT and comparison results.

关键词： Voltage control Games Game theory Event detection Robustness Communication networks Resists Resistance Process control Microgrids distributed secondary control dynamic event-triggered control stealthy attack voltage restoration zero-sum game

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Identification and Alleviation of False Data Injection Within the Cyber Layer of an Enhanced distributed secondary control in DC Islanded Microgrids

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 48605-48624页

作者： Mosaad, Nada Abdel-Rahim, Omar Rohouma, Wesam Abdelkader, Sobhy Mohamed Egypt Japan Univ Sci & Technol E JUST Elect Power Engn New Borg El Arab City 21934 Alexandria Egypt Aswan Univ Fac Engn Elect Engn Dept Aswan 81542 Egypt Univ Doha Sci & Technol Elect Engn Dept Doha Qatar Mansoura Univ Fac Engn Elect Engn Dept Mansoura 35516 Egypt

As a result of the integration of communication links within secondary control to circumvent the drawbacks associated with centralized control, microgrids have evolved into cyber-physical systems which are susceptible to cybersecurity risks. This research addresses the repercussions of injecting fake data into the cyber layer within the framework of distributed secondary control in a DC-islanded microgrid. Kullback-Leibler divergence, also referred to as relative entropy, serves as a statistical metric between two probability distributions employed to compute a specific parameter tasked with mitigating the impact on the control system. This parameter comprises the multiplication of two components. The first component is an internal component derived from neighboring entities and provides insight into their security status, indicating whether they have been subjected to attacks. The second component is an external component computed locally and verifies the accuracy of the status received from each neighbor, ensuring its authenticity. Two medium voltage DC microgrids were examined through MATLAB Simulink simulations to corroborate the efficiency of the suggested approach in identifying and mitigating the consequences of false data injection. The results demonstrated that the cybersecurity threat's influence could be proficiently detected and alleviated in both microgrid configurations, while maintaining the effectiveness of secondary control functions, which are, preserving voltage regulation and precise current distribution. Finally, one of the Microgrids was implemented using OPAL-RT, allowing for the observation of output voltages and currents on a physical hardware oscilloscope.

关键词： Microgrids distributed databases distributed power generation Voltage control Decentralized control Mathematical models MATLAB Stability analysis Renewable energy sources Power system stability distributed secondary control false data injection Kullback-Leibler divergence MATLAB Simulink OPAL-RT

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