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distributed cooperative grid synchronization strategy for multiple parallel grid-supporting inverters in AC microgrid

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS 2024年第PartB期155卷

作者： Li, Zhongwen Zhang, Jiashun Cheng, Zhiping Si, Jikai Wang, Yi Wang, Xinchuang Zhengzhou Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Zhengzhou 450001 Peoples R China State Key Lab Intelligent Agr Power Equipment Luoyang 471039 Peoples R China

In an AC microgrid (MG), the grid-supporting inverters (GSIs) are crucial components, which can regulate the frequency and voltage and enhance power supply reliability. To provide a reliable utilization of distributed generation (DG) and ensure uninterrupted operation of critical loads, a seamless handover between islanded and grid-connected modes is required for an AC MG with multiple parallel operating GSIs. Traditionally, the phase angle and frequency are usually detected by the phase-locked loop (PLL) units. Furthermore, the centralized control structure is widely used to obtain the global information of the system for grid synchronization, which will reduce the system reliability and flexibility. In this paper, a distributed cooperative grid synchronization strategy is proposed for multiple parallel GSIs. A seamless handover can be performed under the proposed control strategy that only needs to transmit the synchronization information to the leader DG without using any PLL units, which is more simple, effective, and flexible. The results of the simulation and StarSim Hardware-in-the-loop experiment are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

关键词： Grid-supporting inverters Seamless handover Grid synchronization distributed secondary control Phase-locked loop

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Adaptive Resilient secondary control for Islanded AC Microgrids With Sensor Faults

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IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第5期9卷 5239-5248页

作者： Li, Xiaolei Xu, Qianwen Blaabjerg, Frede Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore KTH Royal Inst Technol Dept Elect Power & Energy Syst SE-10044 Stockholm Sweden Aalborg Univ Dept Energy Technol DK-9220 Aalborg Denmark

In this article, we investigate the adaptive resilient secondary voltage and frequency control problem for islanded ac microgrids (MG) in the presence of sensor faults. Sensor faults or data attacks have a great impact on the stability and quality of MG. Existing methods commonly assume that the sensing information from distributed generations (DGs) is healthy or satisfies some ideal conditions. To achieve resilient secondary voltage restoration, a novel adaptive fault tolerant control scheme is proposed. Since the bounds of the time-varying faults are unknown, sufficient conditions are first derived to guarantee the voltage tracking errors to be uniformly ultimately bounded. It is also theoretically shown that the frequency restoration and power sharing can be ensured stable of the overall ac MG system by using the same control scheme. Compared with the existing distributed control methods for secondary control of MG, the considered problem with unknown boundaries sensor faults is more challenging and still not well explored.

关键词： Voltage control Frequency control Microgrids Communication networks Cyberattack Fault tolerance Fault tolerant systems distributed secondary control microgrids power sharing sensor faults

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Hierarchical Model Predictive control for Performance Enhancement of Autonomous Microgrids

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AIN SHAMS ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2021年第2期12卷 1867-1881页

作者： Taher, Ahmed M. Hasanien, Hany M. Ginidi, Ahmed R. Taha, Adel T. M. Ain Shams Univ Fac Engn Elect Power & Machines Dept Cairo 11517 Egypt Future Univ Egypt Fac Engn & Technol Elect Engn Dept Cairo 11835 Egypt Suez Univ Fac Engn Elect Engn Dept Suez 43533 Egypt

This study presents a modified Model Predictive control (MPC) strategy with primary and secondary levels of control, applied to distributed Generator (DG) units, to account for limiting overcurrent in case of a faulted autonomous AC microgrid operation. Primary layer involves a Finite control Set-MPC (FCS-MPC) for reference voltage tracing and droop control with Proportional-Integral (PI) control for power sharing between DGs. Unscented Kalman Filter estimator with MPC-based Voltage control and a communication-less event time-dependent protocol for frequency control are proposed for voltage restoration along with frequency supervision as secondary control stage in islanded DGs operation. The performance under faults of proposed controller is compared with that under conventional hierarchical control and MPC unmodified control. Under the mentioned new strategy, the AC islanded microgrid operation stability is enhanced. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.

关键词： Faulted 3-phase AC microgrids Islanded microgrids distributed secondary control Fault current limiting

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Robust distributed Disturbance-Resilient H∞-Based control of Off-Grid Microgrids With Uncertain Communications

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IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL 2021年第2期15卷 2895-2905页

作者： Raeispour, Mohammad Atrianfar, Hajar Baghaee, Hamid Reza Gharehpetian, Gevork B. Amirkabir Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn Tehran 158754413 Iran

In this article, a novel robust distributed cooperative control (RDCC) scheme is proposed to be used in the secondary layer of off-grid (autonomous) ac microgrids (MG). The MG, including heterogeneous units such as distributed generation and battery energy storage systems. Most of the reported studies have assumed the ideal conditions to communicate among units. They have not considered any uncertainties or disturbances in the network, whereas the communications are already subjected to uncertainties or disturbances. To tackle these concerns, we give anRDCC scheme based on the H-infinity control theory for MGs in the present external disturbances and uncertain communication links. The proposed method is extended for a time-varying topology network (that can be considered as an unreliable network which makes the problem more challenging). The theoretical concepts of the proposed control strategy, including the mathematical modeling of MG, graph theory, fundamental lemma, and controller design procedure, are outlined. Sufficient conditions are also derived by using the H-infinity control theory, which leads to a set of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, to evaluate the performance of the proposed control strategy, offline digital time-domain simulation studies are carried out on a test MG system in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The results are compared with several previously reported methods. Simulation results and comparison with previous works reveal the effectiveness, efficiency, authenticity, and accuracy of the proposed method in regulating MG voltage and frequency, state of charge (SoC) balancing, and providing accurate proportional active power-sharing.

关键词： H-infinity consensus distributed energy resource (DER) distributed secondary control disturbance rejection microgrids (MG) robustness switching topology uncertain communication

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Asynchronous Periodic distributed Event-Triggered Voltage and Frequency control of Microgrids

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 2021年第5期36卷 4524-4538页

作者： Mohammadi, Keywan Azizi, Elnaz Choi, Jeewon Hamidi-Beheshti, Mohammad-Taghi Bidram, Ali Bolouki, Sadegh Tarbiat Modares Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Tehran 14115194 Iran Univ New Mexico Dept Elect & Comp Engn Albuquerque 87131 Mexico

In this paper, we introduce a distributed secondary voltage and frequency control scheme for an islanded ac microgrid under event-triggered communication. An integral type event-triggered mechanism is proposed by which each distributed generator (DG) periodically checks its triggering condition and determines whether to update its control inputs and broadcast its states to neighboring DGs. In contrast to existing event-triggered strategies on secondary control of microgrids, the proposed event-triggered mechanism is able to handle the consensus problem in case of asynchronous communication. Under the proposed sampled-data based event-triggered mechanism, DGs do not need to be synchronized to a common clock and each individual DG checks its triggering condition periodically, relying on its own clock. Furthermore, the proposed method efficiently reduces communication rate. We provide sufficient conditions under which microgrid's frequency and a critical bus voltage asymptotically converge to the nominal frequency and voltage, respectively. Finally, effectiveness of our proposed method is verified by testing different scenarios on an islanded ac microgrid benchmark in the MATLAB/Simulink environment as well as a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform, where the physical system is modeled in the Opal-RT and the cyber system is realized in Raspberry Pis.

关键词： Microgrids Voltage control Frequency control Clocks Synchronization Global Positioning System Mathematical model Asynchronous event-triggered control distributed secondary control islanded microgrids multi-agent systems voltage and frequency restoration

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A distributed control Scheme for Cyber-Physical DC Microgrid Systems

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ENERGIES 2023年第15期16卷 5611页

作者： Onaolapo, Adeniyi K. Sharma, Gulshan Bokoro, Pitshou N. Aluko, Anuoluwapo Pau, Giovanni Univ Johannesburg Dept Elect Engn Technol POB 524 Johannesburg South Africa Univ Calgary Dept Elect & Software Engn Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada Kore Univ Enna Fac Engn & Architecture I-94100 Enna Italy

An innovative distributed secondary control technique for balanced current sharing and voltage regulation for an off-grid DC microgrid setup is presented in this research. The droop control scheme is conventionally used for current sharing amongst distributed sources (DSs) in a microgrid. However, this method has two major drawbacks. Firstly, due to the line resistance of each DS, the output voltage is different for each DS, and the output current-sharing property deteriorates. Secondly, the droop action increases the DC bus voltage variation. To address these drawbacks, a fuzzy-based distributed secondary controller is proposed. The proposed controller in each DS simultaneously ensures balanced current sharing and sustains DC bus voltage at the reference value by using a communication network to interact with one another. The required circumstance to guarantee the proposed controller's stability is provided. The stability analysis is beneficial to inform the choice of control parameters. The real-time simulation outputs demonstrate the proposed control scheme's robustness in achieving the control objectives under varying operating conditions.

关键词： current sharing DC microgrid distributed secondary control fuzzy logic voltage regulation

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Assessment-prediction-regulation coordinated secondary control strategy for microgrid considering large time-delay

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ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2023年 225卷

作者： Yuan, Dongmei Lu, Zhigang Chen, Xin Zhang, Lei Zhang, Bo Nanjing Xiaozhuang Univ Sch Elect Engn Nanjing 211171 Peoples R China Yanshan Univ Inst Elect Engn Qinhuangdao 066004 Peoples R China Nanjing Forestry Univ Sch Sci Nanjing 210037 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Inst Adv Technol Nanjing 210023 Peoples R China

distributed secondary control is widely used in microgrid to improve voltage and frequency stability, but its dependence on communication is relatively high. Large time-delay will cause system instability. To address this problem, a novel control strategy is designed, which consists of three modules: the assessment module, the prediction module, and the regulation module. Firstly, in the assessment module, the network vulnerability evaluation is performed based on the expert-fuzzy evaluation method and prospect value theory to provide evaluation support and event-triggered mechanism for the secondary control, which can obtain relevant data to meet the time-sensitive requirements of the control;secondly, in the prediction module, the maximum tolerable delay evaluation based can be obtained on the system characteristic. The fast and accurate prediction of communication data is performed based on the particle swarm optimization - long short term memory (PSOLSTM) to provide data support for the secondary control, which can replace the data affected by large delay by predicted data;thirdly, in the regulation module, based on the assessment and prediction results, the two switching mode controller based on the virtual leader-following consensus theory (TSMVLFCC) is proposed to constitute the secondary controllers to regulate voltage and frequency;finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by MATLAB simulation.

关键词： distributed secondary control Microgrid Time-delay Assessment Prediction

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distributed event-triggered control of DC microgrids with output saturation constraint

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS 2023年第1期148卷

作者： Najafirad, Mohammad Javad Dehkordi, Nima Mahdian Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training Univ Elect Engn Fac Control Dept Tehran Iran

To achieve both voltage restoration and proportional power sharing, we propose a novel distributed event triggered secondary control for islanded DC microgrids that is subject to output saturation. Unlike the time-triggered control, the event-triggered control only updates its control input when the trigger condition is met, instead of updating the control signal periodically. As a result, the number of controllers' updates and the burden of computation will be significantly reduced. Output saturation is an unavoidable limitation in almost every physical system which determines that sensor measurements cannot measure any arbitrary value. Thus, the present paper investigates how to achieve consensus of event-triggered control in the presence of output saturation constraint compared with the case where there is no output saturation. The proposed controller achieves voltage restoration and power sharing, whereas by using output saturation, the number of data transmissions among distributed generators reduces. Our proposed event-triggered condition is analyzed by Lyapunov synthesis to make sure it is stable and Zeno-free. As a final step, the proposed controller's effectiveness is evaluated using the MATLAB/SimPowerSystems toolbox for an islanded DC microgrid.

关键词： distributed secondary control Event-triggered control Microgrids (MGs) Output saturation Voltage regulation

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distributed secondary Frequency and Voltage control of Multiagent Based Autonomous Micro grid with Enhanced Active and Reactive Power Sharing 9

Distributed Secondary Frequency and Voltage Control of Multi...

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9th IEEE-GCC Conference and Exhibition (GCCCE)

作者： Chen, Yahong He, Junping Harbin Inst Technol Shenzhen Grad Sch Sch Elect Engn & Automat Shenzhen Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538627563

Primary frequency and voltage control of Micro grid (MG) generally adopt P-f and Q-U droop control to balance power supply and load demands, however, after reach a new power balance MG frequency and voltage would deviate from rated value, need secondary control to restore them. Centralized secondary frequency and voltage restoration in MG have high computation and communication reliability requirements for central PC. This paper presents multi agent based autonomous MG, secondary restoration function is realized in local agents in decentralized way, therefore increase MG operation reliability. Due to output and line impedance between distributed generations (DGs), DGs' terminal voltages are generally different so it's difficult for DGs to share active and reactive power. In the proposed MG, DGs could share power through dynamically changing its droop curve in local agents, thus power sharing capability for DGs are enhanced. Simulations results are provided to verify the feasibility of the proposed control strategy.

关键词： MG Multi Agent distributed secondary control Active and Reactive power Sharing

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Finite-Time Stability Analysis of a distributed Microgrid Connected via Detail-Balanced Graph 7

Finite-Time Stability Analysis of a Distributed Microgrid Co...

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7th Indian control Conference (ICC)

作者： Vaishnav, Vaibhav Jain, Anoop Sharma, Dushyant Indian Inst Technol Dept Elect Engn Jodhpur 342037 Rajasthan India Kansas State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Manhattan KS USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665409780

distributed secondary control has been used as leading strategy to regulate the frequency and voltage of islanded AC microgrids, acting as cooperative multi-agent systems with droop controlled inverters. This paper considers the secondary control of an islanded microgrid as a leader-follower consensus problem, and implements a distributed finite-time strategy to restore the frequency of inverter-based generators, connected via detail-balanced directed topology. We show that the proposed controller restores the frequencies in the finite-time, while ensuring accurate real power-sharing among generators. We also provide an explicit expression for an upper bound on the convergence time. Simulations are given to illustrate the performance of the proposed controller. A comparison with undirected communication topology is also provided.

关键词： Directed topology distributed secondary control droop control finite-time control microgrids

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