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distributed temperature measurement based on single-channel anti-Stokes light

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES 2000年第5期21卷 793-803页

作者： Zou, J Wang, S Yang, ZK Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Informat Engn Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

In relation to conventional distributed temperature measurements based on Raman scattering, this thesis proposes a new practical solution only requiring single-channel anti-Stokes light. With this solution, relative temperatures are measured, and the temperature differentiating rate of the measuring system is improved to +/-1 degrees C by temperature compensations. As a result, the cost and complexity of the system are significantly reduced.

关键词： distributed temperature measurement Raman scattering temperature compensation

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distributed temperature measurement Utilizing Optical Carrier-Based Microwave Interferometry

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IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2024年第6期24卷 7954-7962页

作者： Li, Zhuping Xue, Ting Li, Songlin Wu, Yan Wu, Bin Tianjin Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Tianjin Key Lab Proc Measurement & Control Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Tianjin Univ State Key Lab Precis Measuring Technol & Instrume Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

Optical carrier-based microwave interferometry (OCMI) has been widely considered and studied due to its unique advantages in combining the strengths of optics and microwaves. This article theoretically and experimentally investigates the OCMI-based distributed measurement of temperature. The distributed temperature measurement is demonstrated experimentally using a single-mode fiber (SMF) with cascading weak optical reflectors inscribed along the fiber core, where any two reflectors are paired to define an intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (IFPI). Spatially continuous distributed temperature demodulation is achieved by reconstructing the microwave interferogram of the IFPIs consisting of two adjacent reflectors. IFPIs with different cavity lengths consisting of two non-adjacent reflectors are also demodulated to study the temperature sensitivity at different spatial resolutions. Experimental results show that the IFPIs along the sensing fiber have a linear response to the temperature, especially the IFPI with the 30 cm cavity length exhibits a better linear response, reversibility, and stability in the temperature range of 35 degrees C-75 degrees C. Comparing with the experimental and theoretical values, this article further theoretically investigates the effect of fiber coating layer on the temperature sensitivity of the sensing system, taking into account the physical and geometric properties of the fiber outer coating layer. In addition, a dual-path distributed temperature measurement based on spatial division multiplexing is demonstrated, validating the excellent multiplexing ability and application potential of the OCMI-based multipath distributed measurement.

关键词： distributed temperature measurement fiber optic sensors multipath distributed measurement optical carrier-based microwave interferometry (OCMI)

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Innovative Dam Monitoring Tools Based on distributed temperature measurement

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JORDAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 2007年第1期1卷 29-37页

作者： Aufleger, Markus Conrad, Marco Goltz, Matthias Perzlmaier, Sebastian Porras, Pablo Univ Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria Colenco Power Engn Ltd Baden Switzerland Tech Univ Munich Versuchsanstalt Wasserbau & Wasserwirtschaft Munich Germany

distributed fibreoptic measurements contain a number of particular features. Even though they are nowadays used for strain measurements, actually the most interesting parameter to be monitored by distributed fibreoptic measurements in dams is temperature. Due to their enormous mass, large structures such as dams usually show very slow behaviour in terms of temperature changes. It is well known that temperature measurements have to be carried out in concrete dams in order to observe the development of the heat of hydration. Furthermore, seepage flows affect the temperature field within the dams and their foundations. The distributed Fibre Optic temperature DFOT measurement was identified to be ideally suited for monitoring the temperature fields of dams, both for leakage detection and for the observation of concrete temperatures. For almost one decade, DFOT measurement has proven to be a powerful tool to detect and locate leakage in hydraulic structures. Leakage detection by means of DFOT measurements has been typically implemented through two major approaches: the gradient method, which employs the temperature as a tracer to detect anomalies in the flow field;and the heat-up method, which allows detecting the presence and movement of water by evaluating the thermal response after external heat is induced. In the past years more and more DFOT projects are under progress. As for today, the DFOT measurement has to be considered as a state of the art tool in dam monitoring. Nevertheless, especially in the field of leakage detection, there is still an enormous potential to improve effectiveness. New additional applications will be developed and important parameters as the seepage velocity in soil material will be measured with DFOT technology in the future. Being robust and gaining a high density of in-situ information out of the dam, DFOT technology has to be considered as one of the key technologies in tomorrow's dam monitoring.

关键词： Innovative dam monitoring distributed temperature measurement Leakage detection Seepage flow velocity measurement Internal erosion

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A distributed soil temperature measurement system with high spatial resolution based on BOTDR

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OPTICA APPLICATA 2011年第3期41卷 607-616页

作者： Gao, Lei Shi, Bin Zhu, Youqun Wang, Ke Sun, Yijie Tang, Chaosheng Nanjing Univ Sch Earth Sci & Engn Nanjing 210093 Peoples R China

This paper presents a new, recently developed, distributed soil temperature measurement sensor system, with high spatial resolution, based on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR). The process of developing the distributed soil temperature sensor is introduced in detail, including the principle, materials, installation, instrumentation and calibration. The new distributed soil temperature sensor improves the spatial resolution from 100 cm to 3.3 cm, and has some other unique advantages, including long distance measurement capability, a longer life cycle, galvanic isolation, EMI immunity, good stability and ease of integration. Finally, an in situ comparison test was carried out, where results from the new sensor were compared to data measured using a standard point-mode system. This test proves that the newly developed distributed sensor is both accurate and has the capability to measure continuously the distribution of the soil temperature along the whole borehole depth, indicating that this new measure technique has a wide and powerful application potential.

关键词： distributed temperature measurement Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) high spatial resolution soil temperature

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Embedded fiber sensing-enabled multi state joint observation of smart lithium-ion battery based on distributed thermal modeling

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JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 2025年 118卷

作者： Zhao, Xuyang He, Hongwen Wei, Zhongbao Huang, Ruchen Yue, Hongwei Guo, Xuncheng Beijing Inst Technol Natl Engn Res Ctr Elect Vehicles Sch Mech Engn Beijing 100081 Peoples R China

Real-time and accurate monitoring of the operating status is a key requirement to ensure the safe and reliable operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Existing studies focus on designing complex algorithms to optimize monitoring performance using highly limited measurements. (i.e. current, terminal voltage and surface temperature). However, the lack of new approaches for obtaining more comprehensive information, particularly inside LIB cells, poses a significant challenge to achieving refined monitoring of LIBs. To remedy this deficiency, this study presents a distributed thermal model-based approach for multistate observation, enabled by a novel smart battery design with the capability of self-sensing temperature distribution. In particular, the proposed novel smart battery actively integrates distributed fiber optical sensor internally and externally within the cylindrical LIB cell, enabling high-resolution measurements of its internal and surface temperatures in real time. Subsequently, a novel heat-generation enhanced cascaded distributed thermal model is developed to fully perceive the electrical and thermal behaviors of the smart LIB cell combining with a low-order observer, thereby achieving joint estimation of the heat generation rate, axial heat generation distribution, state of charge and health state in real time. Experimental results show that the novel smart LIB-based estimation framework outperforms existing electrical model-based methods in terms of accuracy and reliability, highlighting its considerable potential in enhancing the safety and reliability of practical applications, including electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and consumer electronics.

关键词： Lithium-ion battery Battery management system State estimation Optical fiber sensing distributed temperature measurement Thermal model

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Fracture diagnostic using distributed temperature measurements during a pause in flow-back period

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JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020年 185卷

作者： Mao, Yilin Zeidouni, Mehdi Godefroy, Caroline Gysen, Michel Louisiana State Univ Craft & Hawkins Dept Petr Engn Patrick Taylor HallRm 3207 Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA Interpret Software Prod 2000 S Dairy Ashford300 Houston TX 77077 USA

The significant temperature difference between the fractured and non-fractured regions during the stimulation fluid flow-back period can be very useful for fracture diagnosis. The recent developments in downhole temperature monitoring systems open new possibilities to detect these temperature variations to perform production logging analyses. In this work, we derive a novel analytical solution to model the temperature signal associated with the shut-in during flow-back and production periods. The temperature behavior can infer the efficiency of each fracture. To obtain the analytical solution from an existing wellbore fluid energy balance equation, we use the Method of Characteristics with the input of a relevant thermal boundary condition. The temperature modeling results acquired from this analytical solution are validated against those from a finite element model for multiple cases. Compared to the warm-back effect in the non-fractured region after shut-in, a less significant heating effect is observed in the fractured region because of the warmer fluid away from the perforation moving into the fracture (after-flow). Detailed parametric analyses are conducted on after-flow velocity and its variation, flowing, geothermal, and inflow temperature of each fracture, surrounding temperature field, and casing radius to investigate their impacts on the wellbore fluid temperature modeling results. The inversion procedures characterize each fracture considering the exponential distribution of temperature based on the analytical solutions in fractured and non-fractured regions. Inflow fluid temperature, surrounding temperature field, and after-flow velocity of each fracture can be estimated from the measured temperature data, which present decent accuracies analyzing synthetic temperature signal. The estimations are independent on each cluster, which can be combined to analyze the entire production section. The outputs of this work can contribute to production logging, warm

关键词： Fracture diagnostic Stimulation fluid flow-back Hydraulic fracturing distributed temperature measurement

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Embedded distributed temperature Sensing Enabled Multistate Joint Observation of Smart Lithium-Ion Battery

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2023年第1期70卷 555-565页

作者： Wei, Zhongbao Hu, Jian He, Hongwen Yu, Yifei Marco, James Beijing Inst Technol Sch Mech Engn Natl Engn Lab Elect Vehicles Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Univ Warwick Energy Innovat Ctr Warwick Mfg Grp Coventry CV4 7AL W Midlands England

Accurate monitoring of the internal statuses is highly valuable for the management of the lithium-ion battery (LIB). This article proposes a thermal-model-based method for multistate joint observation, enabled by a novel smart battery design with an embedded and distributed temperature sensor. In particular, a novel smart battery is designed by implanting the distributed fiber optical sensor internally and externally. This promises a real-time distributed measurement of LIB internal and surface temperature with a high space resolution. Following this endeavor, a low-order joint observer is proposed to coestimate the thermal parameters, heat generation rate, state of charge, and maximum capacity. Experimental results disclose that the smart battery has space-resolved self-monitoring capability with high reproducibility. With the new sensing data, the heat generation rate, state of charge, and maximum capacity of LIB can be observed precisely in real time. The proposed method validates to outperform the commonly-used electrical-model-based method regarding the accuracy and the robustness to battery aging.

关键词： temperature measurement temperature sensors Batteries Heating systems Optical fiber sensors Optical fibers Monitoring distributed temperature measurement embedded sensor heat generation rate optical fiber sensor smart battery

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Heat treatment and polymer coating effect on Rayleigh scattering based fiber optic temperature measurement

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measurement 2023年 206卷

作者： Zhu, Yanping Chen, Genda Missouri Univ Sci & Technol Dept Civil Architectural & Environm Engn Rolla MO 65401 USA

This study experimentally investigates the effect of heat treatment on Rayleigh scattering based distributed single-mode fiber optic temperature measurement. A finite element model was established to investigate the effect of thermal expansion of coatings on the optical fiber core strains and thus, temperature sensitivity before the coatings soften and melt away. A theoretical derivation for the fiber core strains, using Lame equations, was performed to validate the accuracy of the finite element model. It was found that the one-time heat treatment eliminates the hysteresis effect and stabilizes the Rayleigh scattering based fiber optic temperature measurement up to 1000 degrees C. The typical dual-layer coating effect on the temperature sensitivity of the Rayleigh frequency shift can be neglected at high temperatures in civil engineering application. Numerical parametric studies are performed to design coatings of fiber optic temperature sensors. The present study is promoting distributed fiber optic temperature sensor development and application.

关键词： Fiber optic sensors High temperature distributed temperature measurement Rayleigh scattering

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Experimental and numerical investigation on temperature measurement of BOTDA due to drop leakage in soil

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JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES 2016年 41卷 1-7页

作者： Li, Suzhen Zhao, Bingyu Huang, Dongdong Tongji Univ Coll Civil Engn Siping 1239 Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Tongji Univ State Key Lab Disaster Reduct Civil Engn Siping 1239 Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China

Using an advanced Brillouin sensing system (BOTDA) with high spatial resolution, this paper demonstrates the application of the distributed temperature fiber optic sensor (FOS) in small liquid leak detection in soil. The effectiveness and efficiency of the distributed Brillouin sensor in detecting and locating drop leakage in soil is qualitatively verified through a laboratory experiment. Numerical studies based on finite element (FE) method are conducted to simulate the whole drop leak process. The good agreement of the data measured in the experiment and the computational results validates the spatial distribution and the variation trend of the soil temperature field due to drop leakage. A quantitative relation between the active area of the leak-induced temperature field and the FOS measurements is established to determine the size of leak or to propose a FOS-based strategy for leak early warning. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Brillouin scattering Fiber optic sensor distributed temperature measurement Drop leak detection

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distributed temperature sensing in OPGW with multiple optical fibres

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IET SCIENCE measurement & TECHNOLOGY 2019年第8期13卷 1219-1223页

作者： Carvalho, Renatto, V do Couto Bonfim, Marlio Jose Ussuna, Daniel A. Toledo, Luiz F. R. B. Martins, Rafael Filho, Vitoldo S. Lactec Dept Mat Engn Curitiba Parana Brazil Univ Fed Parana Dept Elect Engn Curitiba Parana Brazil Companhia Paranaense Energia Eletr COPEL Substn Project Div Curitiba Parana Brazil

The ampacity of a material is defined as its maximum electrical current capacity. In an overhead transmission line, it is related to the maximum sag that does not compromise its safe operation. As the sag depends on the conductor's temperature, with this parameter it is possible to estimate its ampacity, increasing the efficiency of the electrical system via real-time energy dispatch management. With the Brillouin backscattering phenomena, the distributed temperature measurement in the fibre inside the optical ground wire (OPGW) or optical phase conductor is possible. However, it is common for overhead power transmission lines to be composed by more than one optical fibre. A calibration algorithm was developed to enable the application of a distributed temperature sensing equipment to monitor the temperature of an OPGW with more than two different fibres. The 230 kV Ibipora-Londrina Transmission Line was used as a case study, being approximately 20 km long and composed of three different fibres spliced in series along with its extension. Through comparison with calibrated sensors, the technique and algorithm were validated. It was possible to characterize the system and perform the temperature monitoring with a spatial resolution of 1 m and amplitude error of less than 6 degrees C.

关键词： optical cables temperature sensors refractive index fibre optic sensors temperature measurement calibration overhead line conductors power overhead lines distributed sensors Brillouin spectra OPGW multiple optical fibres maximum electrical current capacity overhead transmission line maximum sag thermal expansion electrical system real-time energy dispatch management Brillouin backscattering phenomena strain gradients distributed temperature measurement optical phase conductor overhead power transmission lines distributed temperature sensing equipment temperature monitoring refractive index fluctuation Ibipora-Londrina transmission line conductor temperature cables optical ground wire calibration algorithm calibrated sensors voltage 230 0 kV

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