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Radiation Hardened Architecture of a Single-Ended Raman-Based distributed temperature sensor

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2017年第1期64卷 54-60页

作者： Di Francesca, D. Girard, S. Planes, I. Cebollada, A. Vecchi, G. Li Alessi, A. Reghioua, I. Cangialosi, C. Ladaci, A. Rizzolo, S. Lecoeuche, V. Boukenter, A. Champavere, A. Ouerdane, Y. Univ Lyon Univ St Etienne Lab Hubert Curien UMR CNRS 5516 St Etienne France Viavi Solut F-42029 St Etienne France Univ Palermo I-90133 Palermo Italy Areva Ctr Tech F-71200 Le Creusot France

Raman-based distributed temperature sensors (RDTS) allow performing spatially resolved (1 m) reliable temperature measurements over several km long Optical Fibers (OFs). These systems are based on the temperature dependence of the intensities of both the Stokes and anti-Stokes components of the Raman back-scattered signal. One of the specific issues associated with RDTS technology in radiation environments is the differential Radiation Induced Attenuation (RIA) between the two components that induces huge errors in the temperature evaluation. Such problem is particularly evident for commercially available single-ended DTS using one laser source. Doubleended configuration could be used to correct for the differential attenuation but are limited by RIA in terms of sensing range. In the present work, we show how a Radiation-Hardened-byDesign DTS (RHD-DTS) overcomes the observed radiation issues keeping the single-ended interrogation scheme. In the tested RHD-DTS two infrared excitation laser sources (similar to 1550 nm and similar to 1650 nm) are employed: the wavelength of the Stokes component due to the first excitation source coincides with the wavelength of the second excitation;vice versa, the wavelength of the anti-Stokes component due to the second excitation source coincides with the wavelength of the first excitation. The overall result is that the two signal intensities are automatically corrected for the differential RIA all along the OF sensor length and the temperature measurements becomes robust against radiation effects. This study demonstrates the potential of such a sensor by reporting preliminary experimental results obtained with a prototype developed by Viavi Solutions exploiting radiationsensitive or radiation-hardened optical fibers.

关键词： Differential attenuation distributed temperature sensor irradiation optical fiber radiation hardened by design raman RHD-DTS

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Compensation for temperature dependence of Stokes signal and dynamic self-calibration of a Raman distributed temperature sensor

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OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 2007年第2期274卷 396-402页

作者： Chakraborty, Arup Lal Sharma, Rakesh Kumar Saxena, Manoj Kumar Kher, Sanjay Raja Ramanna Ctr Adv Technol Solid State Lasers Div Fiber Opt Lab Indore 452013 India

This article discusses a powerful calibration technique that compensates for the temperature dependence of the Stokes signal in a Raman distributed temperature sensor. The Stokes signal is conventionally used for normalization since its scattering cross-section is a weaker function of temperature than that of the anti-Stokes signal. The potential of this temperature dependence of the Stokes signal to introduce errors in measurements has received only cursory mention in the literature. We show that this effect degrades the temperature accuracy by as much as 90%. Additionally the heavy fiber attenuation at the operating wavelength also makes calibration non-trivial. The technique described implements a corrective mechanism for this temperature dependence, offers the additional benefit of self-referencing of a heated curve rather than referencing to the fiber at room temperature, and demonstrates the viability of such a system despite the heavy fiber attenuation at the operating wavelength. This obviates the impractical and erroneous approach of storing an initial room temperature profile for subsequent temperature calculation. This dynamic self-referencing adds substantial immunity to the tolerances in the actual numerical values of the Raman wavelengths thereby making the system robust. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： OTDR Raman scattering distributed temperature sensor curve fitting

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Bidirectional frequency-domain digital filtering to simultaneously improve temperature resolution and eliminate spatial inaccuracy of a distributed temperature sensor

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OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2004年第11期43卷 2724-2729页

作者： Chakraborty, AI Kher, S Chaubey, S Nathan, TRS Ctr Adv Technol Solid State Lasers Div Fiber Opt Lab Indore 452013 India

This article discusses a digital filtering technique to improve the temperature resolution of a Raman fiber optic distributed temperature sensor. A frequency-domain digital filtering algorithm has been used for this typically time-domain task to show that by reducing the effect of noise introduced by analog electronics and the quantization noise of the analog-to-digital converter in the detection and data acquisition stages, superior temperature resolution is achievable. An important feature of the filtering scheme used is that no spatial inaccuracy is introduced into the ranging of hot zones, despite the highly nonlinear phase response of the filter. Digital filtering used for postprocessing of data shows clearly and unambiguously a temperature resolution of 5 K in the present setting of our experiment, with the possibility of much greater improvement. Merely using analog signal conditioning does not provide the same clarity and uniqueness in temperature resolution and spatial location that digital filtering offers. This digital filtering scheme offers greater flexibility and versatility than mere signal-averaging approaches to improve the SNR of such systems. The filter's ability to reject deterministic interfering frequencies of appreciable energy content is also demonstrated by simulating such frequencies of much greater energy than the actual signal. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

关键词： lidar OTDR Raman scattering digital processing bidirectional digital filtering distributed temperature sensor

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Modeling and Optimization of a Cost-Efficient distributed temperature sensor Based on temperature Sensitive Optical Fibers

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2020年第3期20卷 1306-1314页

作者： Jin, Jing Zhang, Haoshi Guo, Yukuan Song, Ningfang Beihang Univ Sch Instrumentat Sci & Optoelect Engn Beijing 100191 Peoples R China Beihang Univ Inst Opt & Elect Technol Beijing 100191 Peoples R China

A cost-efficient distributed temperature sensor based on Rayleigh scattering in temperature sensitive optical fibers was proposed. The temperature dependence of the irradiated commercial off-the-shelf single mode fiber was analyzed. By combining a temperature dependent model of the sensitive fibers and loss resolution model of optical time domain reflectometer, a general sensor model has been developed. In order to optimize the temperature resolution, the length of each sensing segment and the overall sensing distance, three models are derived from the general model. Based on the models and parameters optimization, a novel design method is proposed. Using the method, a prototype was built and tested. The test results indicate that the temperature resolution is better than 1 degrees C in the temperature range from -40 degrees C to 150 degrees C, which is consistent with the optimal results.

关键词： distributed temperature sensor temperature sensitive optical fiber modeling optimization

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Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization

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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2006年第17-20期18卷 1879-1881页

作者： Park, Jonghan Bolognini, Gabriele Lee, Duckey Kim, Pilhan Cho, Pilki Di Pasquale, Fabrizio Park, Namkyoo Seoul Natl Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Opt Commun Syst Lab Seoul South Korea CNR Scuola Super St Anna I-56124 Pisa Italy

In this letter, a coded, Raman-based distributed temperature sensor system using 255-bit Simplex coded optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) and optimized sensing link composed of cascaded fibers with different Raman coefficients, is proposed. This system is compared to a system with an uncoded OTDR on standard single-mode fiber, demonstrating significant enhancement in the interrogation distance (19.5 km from coding gain, and 9.6 km from link optimization). Total sensing range of 37 km at 17-m/3-K spatial/temperature resolution were achieved, while employing conventional low power (80 mW) laser diodes. .

关键词： distributed temperature sensor optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS)

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Fibreoptic distributed temperature sensor with spectral filtration by directional fibre couplers

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QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 2009年第11期39卷 1078-1081页

作者： Kuznetsov, A. G. Babin, S. A. Shelemba, I. S. Russian Acad Sci Siberian Branch Inst Automat & Electrometry Novosibirsk 630090 Russia Novosibirsk State Univ Novosibirsk 630090 Russia

We demonstrate a Raman-based all-fibre temperature sensor utilising a pulsed erbium fibre laser. The sensor is made of a standard single-mode telecom fibre, SMF-28, and includes a number of directional couplers as band-pass filters. The temperature profile along a 7-km fibreoptic line is measured with an accuracy of 2 degrees C and a spatial resolution of 10 m. In data processing, we take into account the difference in attenuation between the spectral components of the backscatter signal.

关键词： distributed temperature sensor Raman scattering directional fibre coupler pulsed fibre laser

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A De-Noising Algorithm Based on EEMD in Raman-Based distributed temperature sensor

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2017年第1期17卷 134-138页

作者： Pan, Liang Liu, Kun Jiang, Junfeng Ma, Chunyu Tian, Miao Liu, Tiegen Tianjin Univ Coll Precis Instrument & Optoelect Engn Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

A de-noising algorithm based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method is employed in this paper for Raman-based distributed temperature sensor (RDTS). We first decompose the noisy signal using the EEMD and find local maxima on each intrinsic mode function (IMF) whose zero contour line is used to determine noise interval. The signal is then de-noised and reconstructed by removing the noise components of each IMF. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed de-noising algorithm can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio by 8.8 dB while maintaining spatial resolution. The temperature error reduction of 3.2 degrees C can be achieved at 10 km using conventional RDTS without losing any detail.

关键词： Raman distributed temperature sensor ensemble empirical mode decomposition de-noising

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Centimeter Spatial Resolution distributed temperature sensor Based on Polarization-Sensitive Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2021年第8期39卷 2594-2602页

作者： Li, He Liu, Qingwen Chen, Dian He, Zuyuan Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Shanghai Inst Adv Commun & Data Sci State Key Lab Adv Opt Commun Syst & Networks Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China

A centimeter-level spatial resolution distributed temperature sensor (DTS) based on polarization-sensitive optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) is proposed. Polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) is employed as the sensing fiber. The birefringence along the PMF is detected from the Rayleigh backscattering (RBS) spectral difference between the two orthogonal polarization axes, which is retrieved by short-time Fourier transform and distributed cross-correlation algorithm, and thus the large error induced by the auto-correlation is eliminated. Since the birefringence is roughly uniform for the same type of PMF, relationship between the absolute temperature and the birefringence calibrated on a small fiber section can be applied to the whole fiber, or even the same batch of fiber, which brings convenience in practice. The linear relationship between the absolute temperature and the RBS spectral difference is experimentally verified, and distributed temperature measurements are implemented with a high spatial resolution of 1.3 cm along the 94 m sensing fiber. The absolute temperature measurement uncertainty is +/- 4.5 degrees C in the experiment, which is mainly limited by the birefringence non-uniformity. In some cases the impact of birefringence non-uniformity can be eliminated, and thus the temperature measurement uncertainty can be improved up to +/- 0.8 degrees C, which is limited by the random noise in the proposed system.

关键词： Cross-correlation distributed temperature sensor optical frequency domain reflectometry short-time Fourier transform

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High-Sensitivity distributed temperature sensor Based on Brillouin Scattering With Double-Coated Single-Mode Fibers

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2021年第5期21卷 6209-6216页

作者： Qiu, Liqiang Zhu, Zongda Li, Tianfu Zhou, Dengwang Dong, Yongkang Harbin Inst Technol Natl Key Lab Sci & Technol Tunable Laser Harbin 150001 Peoples R China

A high-sensitivity distributed temperature sensor based on Brillouin scattering is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Double-coated single-mode fibers (SMF) are used as sensing fibers to improve the temperature sensitivity of Brillouin frequency shift (BFS). The thermomechanical model of double-coated fiber based on Lame formula is established, and the reasons for improving the BFS temperature sensitivity are analyzed. In the simulation, the BFS temperature sensitivity is improved with increasing of outer coating thermal expansion coefficient, Young's modulus, and radius, but the effect of Poisson's ratio can be ignored. In the experiment, four kinds of optical fibers are designed to verify the theoretical results, including a single-coated fiber and three double-coated *** outer coating radii of double-coated fibers are 450 mu m, 1000 mu m and 1500 mu m, respectively. The BFS temperature sensitivity of these fibers are calculated to be 1.07 MHz/degrees C, 3.28 MHz/degrees C, 4.57MHz/degrees C and 6.04 MHz/degrees C within the temperature range of -30 to 40 degrees C, respectively. With a spatial resolution of 1.5m, the maximum BFS temperature sensitivity of the double-coated SMFs is measured, which is about 6 times higher than that of single-coated SMF, achieving a maximum measurement error less than 0.05 degrees C.

关键词： High-sensitivity distributed temperature sensor Brillouin scattering double-coated SMF BFS temperature sensitivity

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Wavelength Dispersion Analysis on Fiber-Optic Raman distributed temperature sensor System

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Photonic sensors 2013年第3期3卷 256-261页

作者： Weijie WANG Jun CHANG Guangping LV Zongliang WANG Zhi LIU Sha LUO Shuo JIANG Xiangzhi LIU Xiaohui LIU Yongning LIU School of Information Science and Engineering and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China Institute of Automation Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan 250014 China

The influence of the wavelength dispersion on the temperature accuracy of the Raman distributed temperature sensor system （RDTS） is analyzed in detail, and a simple correction algorithm is proposed to compensate the fiber position error caused by the wavelength dispersion. The principle of the proposed algorithm is described theoretically, and the correction on each point along the entire fiber is realized. temperature simulation results validate that the temperature distortion is corrected and the temperature accuracy is effectively improved from ＋5 ℃ to ±1 ℃.

关键词： distributed temperature sensor wavelength dispersion correction algorithm

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