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distributed vibration sensing Based on Optical Vector Network Analysis

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2025年第5期43卷 2349-2356页

作者： Loayssa, Alayn Vallifuoco, Raffaele Zahoor, Rizwan Zeni, Luigi Sagues, Mikel Minardo, Aldo Univ Publ Navarra Inst Smart Cities Dept Elect Elect & Commun Engn Campus Arrosadia Pamplona 31006 Spain Univ Campania Luigi Vanvitelli I-81031 Aversa Italy

We introduce a novel method for distributed vibration sensing based on extracting the time-domain Rayleigh impulse response of an optical fiber from optical vector network analysis measurements. The optical-frequency-domain transfer function of the fiber is first measured, and then inverse Fourier transformed to provide the bandpass optical time-domain impulse response. Another relevant feature of the technique is that it enables excitation demodulation using the optical frequency dependence of the Rayleigh backscatter signal from the optical fiber, the so-called Rayleigh signature. This is the simplest method to obtain fully linear quantitative measurements of local changes in the strain or temperature experienced by the fiber and it is inherently free from signal fading impairments. Furthermore, the implementation of the technique uses a simple setup based on double-sideband modulation of a laser, self-homodyne detection with an optical hybrid, and narrow-bandwidth electrical signal acquisition and processing. We present proof-of-concept experiments to demonstrate the operation of the method with the measurement of dynamic strain and temperature perturbations in a 115-m optical sensing fiber with 16-cm spatial resolution and a sensitivity of 59 n epsilon /root Hz. This sensing technique has the potential to provide high-sensitivity distributed measurements of tens-of-hertz excitations in hundreds-of-meters fibers, with centimeter spatial resolution. Therefore, it can become a valuable tool for structural health monitoring in application fields such as aerospace, marine, or civil engineering.

关键词： Optical fibers Optical fiber sensors Optical variables measurement Optical fiber networks Optical reflection Optical pulse compression Optical mixing Sensors Radio frequency Optical filters distributed acoustic sensing distributed vibration sensing distributed fiber-optic sensors

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Real-Time Event Recognition of Long-Distance distributed vibration sensing With Knowledge Distillation and Hardware Acceleration

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2025年第11期12卷 17896-17905页

作者： Luo, Zhongyao Wu, Hao Ge, Zhao Tang, Ming Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Opt & Elect Informat Wuhan Natl Lab Optoelect Next Generat Internet Access Natl Engn Lab Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Opt & Elect Informat Hubei Opt Valley Lab Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

Fiber-optic sensing, especially distributed optical fiber vibration (DVS) sensing, is gaining importance in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as industrial safety monitoring and intrusion detection. Despite their wide application, existing post-processing methods that rely on deep learning models for event recognition in DVS systems face challenges with real-time processing of large sample data volumes, particularly in long-distance applications. To address this issue, we propose to use a four-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) as the student model with ResNet as the teacher model for knowledge distillation. Compared to the baseline CNN model, which achieves 83.41% accuracy on data from previously untrained environments, the distilled CNN improves accuracy significantly to 95.39%, demonstrating its superior generalizability and robustness. Additionally, we propose a novel hardware design based on field-programmable gate arrays to further accelerate model inference. This design replaces multiplication with binary shift operations and quantizes model weights, enabling high parallelism and low latency. Our implementation achieves an inference time of 0.083 ms for a spatial-temporal sample covering a 12.5 m fiber length and 0.256 s time frame. This performance enables real-time signal processing over approximately 38.55 km of fiber, about 2.14x the capability of an Nvidia GTX 4090 graphics processing unit. The proposed method greatly enhances the efficiency of vibration pattern recognition, promoting the use of DVS as a smart IoT system. The data and code are available at https://***/HUST-IOF/Efficient-DVS.

关键词： Internet of Things Voltage control Field programmable gate arrays Computational modeling Optical fiber sensors Real-time systems Monitoring vibrations Optical fiber networks Optical fiber amplifiers Convolutional neural network (CNN) distributed vibration sensing fiber-optic Internet of Things (IoT) hardware acceleration real-time system

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Long-range distributed vibration sensing based on internal-modulation OFDR

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Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering 2024年第4期7卷 8-15页

作者： Yaoli Yue Jing Zeng Zhenyang Ding Teng Zhang Haohan Guo Tiegen Liu 34th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation(CETC) Guilin 541004China School of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Key Laboratory of Opto-electronics Information Technology(Tianjin University) Ministry of EducationTianjin 300072China Tianjin Optical Fiber Sensing Engineering Center Tianjin 300072China

Presented here is long-range distributed vibration sensing based on internal-modulation optical frequency domain reﬂectometry(OFDR).In the proposed system with internal modulation,a silicon-based photonic-chip laser is used as the laser source,and by controlling the output voltage curve of an arbitrary waveform generator to induce temperature change in the external cavity of the laser,a 10-GHz optical frequency tuning range is *** complexity of the proposed internal-modulation system is lower than that of the traditional external-modulation OFDR system that combines a narrow-linewidth laser with a single-sideband modulator to achieve wavelength ***-correlation analysis is used as a sensing mechanism to evaluate the similarity between Rayleigh scatter signals and to achieve vibration event *** comparison is made of the vibration sensing performance of the external-and internal-modulation systems,and for a vibration event generated at a distance of 100.95 km,they locate it with a sensing spatial resolution of 43.0 m and 16.8 m,*** results indicates that the proposed distributed vibration sensing based on internal modulation has better sensing performance and lower complexity compared to the traditional external-modulation *** addition,the proposed system is single-ended and involves no optical ampliﬁcation,which makes it very suitable for ultra-long-range sensing.

关键词： distributed optical fiber sensing distributed vibration sensing Optical frequency domain reflectometry Internal modulation

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Deployment Condition Visualization of Aerial Optical Fiber Cable By distributed vibration sensing Based On Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2021年第21期39卷 6942-6951页

作者： Okamoto, Tatsuya Iida, Daisuke Koshikiya, Yusuke Honda, Nazuki NTT Corp NTT Access Network Serv Syst Labs Tsukuba Ibaraki 3050805 Japan

distributed vibration sensing (DVS) utilizes an optical fiber as an array of virtual strain sensors. It can reveal dynamic strain distributions such as seismic events and car traffic, thus giving a new function to existing optical communication fibers. In this work, we use optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) to investigate the dynamic strain distribution along an optical fiber implemented in a deployed aerial optical fiber cable that vibrates with the wind. The OFDR setup is customized for distant location interrogation with a high repetition rate of the probe light and overcomes the OFDR drawbacks of short measurement range and low repetition rate, thus enabling application to the investigation of dynamic strain along a range of telecommunications outside a plant. Sub-1-m spatial resolution measurements revealed that dynamic strain along the optical fiber in an aerial cable depends on the deployment condition. It also provides the deployed optical telecommunication fiber with a function for visualizing the deployment conditions of the telecommunications outside plants.

关键词： Optical fibers Frequency measurement Optical variables measurement Optical fiber sensors Optical fiber cables vibrations Optical reflection Aerial optical fiber cable distributed vibration sensing optical frequency domain reflectometry

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The study on the novel distributed vibration sensing system based on the adjacent FBGs reflected lights interference

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OPTIK 2018年 169卷 85-95页

作者： Jian, Zhang Wei, Li Yangtze Univ Coll Comp Sci Jingzhou Peoples R China Wuhan Univ Technol Key Lab Fiber Opt Sensing Technol & Informat Proc Natl Engn Lab Fiber Opt Sensing Technol Wuhan 430070 Hubei Peoples R China

Due to the different polarization states of the reflected light on the two arms of conventional Michelson interferometer, polarization fading of the interferometric signal occurs when environmental perturbations and noise are existing. To solve this problem, in this paper, we design a novel distributed FBG array vibration sensing system based on the interference caused by the reflected signals of the adjacent FBGs. By controlling the pulse width of the input pulse, The reflected light of the adjacent FBGs can interfere on the 3*3 coupler, and we can judge the outside invasion by analyzing the characteristics of the interference signal. The system can demodulate the driving signal with the frequency range of 10 Hz-50 Hz. Comparing with conventional vibration acceleration deteceing methods, the proposed system has the higher sensitivity, wider bandwidth, less response time and better spatial resolution. Meanwhile, the proposed system has sufficient sensing areas which can serve as the high-capacity interferometric seismic detection system.

关键词： distributed vibration sensing The adjacent FBGs Reflected lights interference

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Simultaneous distributed vibration and Temperature sensing Using Multicore Fiber

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 151818-151826页

作者： Dang, Yunli Zhao, Zhiyong Wang, Xuefeng Liao, Ruolin Lu, Chao Yangtze Opt Fiber & Cable Joint Stock Ltd Co YOFC State Key Lab Opt Fiber & Cable Manufacture Techn Res & Dev Dept Wuhan 430073 Hubei Peoples R China Hong Kong Polytech Univ Dept Elect & Informat Engn Hong Kong Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Opt & Elect Informat Wuhan 430074 Hubei Peoples R China

distributed optical fiber sensing that enables simultaneous vibration and temperature monitoring is demonstrated in this work, which is achieved by implementing polarization optical time-domain reflectometry (P-OTDR) and Raman optical time-domain reflectometry (ROTDR) respectively through space-division multiplexed (SDM) configuration in different cores of a multicore fiber (MCF). Optimized system setup is obtained in the proposed hybrid system, where only one laser source is used, and the generated pulse is shared by the two reflectometers. Owing to the reason that separate interrogation fiber cores are used by the two reflectometers, the proposed hybrid system allows for simultaneous measurements of spontaneous Raman and Rayleigh scattering signals, thus it no longer suffers from the incompatible pump power levels issue, which results from different pump power demands, and hinders the implementation of the hybrid system in single mode fiber due to the fiber nonlinear effects imposed restriction. In addition, in order to extend the sensing range, we also explore the employment of wavelet transform denoising technique in the improvement of signal-to-noise ratio of ROTDR measurement. Eventually, simultaneous distributed vibration and temperature sensing in 5.76 km sensing range with 3 m spatial resolution and 0.57 C temperature uncertainty has been demonstrated. The proposed hybrid sensing system has the outstanding advantage of high reliability, since the cross-sensitivity issue is effectively mitigated, which shows great potential for pipeline monitoring in oil and gas industry.

关键词： Temperature sensors Temperature measurement Optical fiber sensors vibrations Optical fiber polarization Multicore fiber space-division multiplexing distributed temperature sensing distributed vibration sensing

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The effect of gauge length on axially incident P-waves measured using fibre optic distributed vibration sensing

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GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING 2017年第1期65卷 184-193页

作者： Dean, Timothy Cuny, Theo Hartog, Arthur H. Curtin Univ Dept Explorat Geophys GPO Box U 1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia Schlumberger Fibre Opt Technol Ctr Unit Quadrangle 7 Abbey Pk Ind EstatePremier Way Romsey SO51 9DL Hants England

distributed vibration sensing, also known as distributed acoustic sensing, is a relatively new method for recording vertical seismic profile data using a fibre optic cable as the sensor. The signal obtained from such systems is a distributed measurement over a length of fibre referred to as the gauge length. In this paper, we show that gauge length selection is one of the most important acquisition parameters for a distributed vibration sensing survey. If the gauge length is too small, then the signal-to-noise ratio will be poor. If the gauge length is too large, resolution will be reduced and the shape of the wavelet will be distorted. The optimum gauge length, as derived here, is a function of the velocity and frequencies of the seismic waves being measured. If these attributes vary considerably over the depth of a survey, then the use of different gauge lengths is recommended. The significant increases in data quality resulting from the use of multiple gauge length values are demonstrated using field data.

关键词： Fibre optic distributed acoustic sensing distributed vibration sensing vertical seismic profile

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High-Accuracy Event Classification of distributed Optical Fiber vibration sensing Based on Time-Space Analysis

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SENSORS 2022年第5期22卷 2053页

作者： Ge, Zhao Wu, Hao Zhao, Can Tang, Ming Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Opt & Elect Informat Wuhan Natl Lab Optoelect Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

distributed optical fiber vibration sensing (DVS) can measure vibration information along with an optical fiber. Accurate classification of vibration events is a key issue in practical applications of DVS. In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) to analyze DVS data and achieve high-accuracy event recognition fully. We conducted experiments outdoors and collected more than 10,000 sets of vibration data. Through training, the CNN acquired the features of the raw DVS data and achieved the accurate classification of multiple vibration events. The recognition accuracy reached 99.9% based on the time-space data, a higher than used time-domain, frequency-domain, and time-frequency domain data. Moreover, considering that the performance of the DVS and the testing environment would change over time, we experimented again after one week to verify the method's generalization performance. The classification accuracy using the previously trained CNN is 99.2%, which is of great value in practical applications.

关键词： distributed vibration sensing event classification convolutional neural network

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A Combined Events Recognition Scheme Using Hybrid Features in distributed Optical Fiber vibration sensing System

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 105609-105616页

作者： Liu, Kun Sun, Zhenshi Jiang, Junfeng Ma, Pengfei Wang, Shuang Weng, Lingfeng Xu, Zhongyuan Liu, Tiegen Tianjin Univ Sch Precis Instrument & Optoelect Engn Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Minist Educ Key Lab Optoelect Informat Technol Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Tianjin Univ Tianjin Opt Fiber Sensing Engn Ctr Inst Opt Fiber Sensing Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

In this paper, a high efficiency multiple events recognition scheme based on a hybrid feature extraction algorithm and a combined classifier for distributed optical fiber vibration sensing (DOFVS) system has been proposed and demonstrated. The hybrid feature vectors are extracted by using zero crossing rate, sample entropy, wavelet packet energy entropy, kurtosis, and multiscale permutation entropy. A combined classifier of support vector machine and radial basis function neural network is proposed to improve the reliability of the recognition results. The recognition result is given only when both of the two classifiers output same event types. The experimental results demonstrated that the average identification rate of five typical patterns (no intrusion, waggling the fence, climbing the fence, kicking the fence, and cutting the fence) over 97% is achieved through the combined classifier. Moreover, the whole recognition processing speed of the combined scheme is also good of real time performance, which can be limited in 1.1 s. Therefore, this kind of events recognition scheme has a quite promising application prospects in DOFVS system.

关键词： distributed vibration sensing optical fiber events recognition hybrid feature vectors combined classifier signal analysis

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vibration-Induced Beat Frequency Offset Compensation in distributed Acoustic sensing Based on Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2019年第18期37卷 4896-4901页

作者： Okamoto, Tatsuya Iida, Daisuke Oshida, Hiroyuki NTT Corp NTT Access Network Serv Syst Labs Tsukuba Ibaraki 3050805 Japan

We investigate the impact of the frequency modulation induced by vibration occurring at a preceding distance in distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR), which analyzes a vibration waveform by calculating the spectrum shift of Rayleigh backscattered light in the same manner as a fiber Bragg grating. When the measurement time of a beat signal is shorter than the period of the vibration at the preceding distance, the vibration-induced frequency modulation can be treated as a frequency offset for the backscattered light. The frequency offset becomes a distance offset through the distance beat frequency allocation of OFDR, and the distance offset forces us to interrogate the Rayleigh backscattered light spectra at unintentional distances for each measurement since the distance offset is time-varying. Since the spectra at unintentional distances are uncorrelated, the spectrum shift calculated with an uncorrelated spectrum results in a spurious vibration, which is a measured waveform that is different from the actual vibration waveform and that constitutes a measurement error in a DAS measurement. We propose a technique to compensate for the spurious vibration. The technique estimates the vibration-induced distance offset by calculating the cross-correlation between Rayleigh backscattered light waveforms and shifts the spectrum analysis range by the estimated offset in order to track the consistent spectrum. We perform a DAS measurement on a sensing fiber that experiences simultaneous vibrations at different distances and confirm the validity of the proposed technique.

关键词： distributed vibration sensing optical frequency domain reflectometry Rayleigh backscattering

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