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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR video TECHNOLOGY 2011年第8期21卷 1049-1060页

作者： Guo, Mei Xiong, Zixiang Wu, Feng Zhao, Debin Ji, Xiangyang Gao, Wen Harbin Inst Technol Sch Comp Sci & Technol Harbin 150001 Peoples R China Texas A&M Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn College Stn TX 77843 USA Microsoft Res Asia Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Dept Automat Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Beijing Univ Inst Digital Media Beijing 100080 Peoples R China

Inspired by Witsenhausen and Wyner's 1980 (now expired) patent on "interframe coder for video signals," this paper presents a Witsenhausen-Wyner video codec, where the motion-compensated previously decoded video frame is used at the decoder as side information for joint decoding. Specifically, we replace predictive Inter coding in H.264/AVC by the syndrome-based coding scheme of Witsenhausen and Wyner, while keeping the Intra and Skip modes of H.264/AVC unchanged. We employ forward motion estimation at the encoder and send the motion vectors to help generate side information at the decoder, since our focus is not on low-complexity encoding. We also examine the tradeoff between the motion vector resolution and coding efficiency. Within the Witsenhausen-Wyner coding mode, we optimize the decision between syndrome coding and entropy coding among different discrete cosine transform (DCT) bands and among different bit-planes within each DCT coefficient. Extensive simulations of video transmission over wireless networks show that Witsenhausen-Wyner video coding is more robust against channel errors than H.264/AVC. The price paid for enhanced error-resilience with Witsenhausen-Wyner coding is a small loss in compression efficiency.

关键词： distributed video coding error resilience syndrome coding

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A comparative analysis of video codecs for multihop wireless video sensor networks

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MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS 2012年第5期18卷 373-389页

作者： Imran, Noreen Seet, Boon-Chong Fong, Alvis C. M. Auckland Univ Technol Sch Engn Auckland New Zealand

Wireless video sensor networks (WVSNs) have drawn significant attention in recent years due to the advent of low-cost miniaturized cameras, which makes it feasible to realize large-scale WVSNs for a variety of applications including security surveillance, environmental tracking, and health monitoring. However, the conventional video coding paradigms are not suitable for WVSNs due to resource constraints such as limited computation power, battery energy, and network bandwidth. In this paper, we evaluated and analyzed the performance of video codecs based on emerging video coding paradigms such as distributed video coding and distributed compressive video sensing for multihop WVSNs. The main objective of this work was to provide an insight into the computational (encoding/decoding) complexity, energy consumption, node and network lifetime, processing and memory requirements, and the quality of reconstruction of these video codecs. Based on the findings, this paper also provides some guidelines for the selection of appropriate video codecs for a given WVSN application.

关键词： Multihop wireless video sensor networks video codecs Comparative analysis distributed video coding distributed compressive sensing

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Perspective transform motion modeling for improved side information creation

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EURASIP JOURNAL ON ADVANCES IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 2013年第1期2013卷 1页

作者： Monteiro, Pedro Ascenso, Joao Pereira, Fernando Inst Telecommun Inst Super Tecn P-1049001 Lisbon Portugal

The distributed video coding (DVC) paradigm is based on two well-known information theory results: the Slepian-Wolf and Wyner-Ziv theorems. In a DVC codec, the video signal correlation is mostly exploited at the decoder, providing a flexible distribution of the computational complexity between the encoder and the decoder and error robustness to channel errors. To exploit the temporal correlation, an estimate of the original frame to code, well-known as side information, is typically created at the decoder. One popular approach to side information creation is to perform frame interpolation using a translational motion model derived from already decoded frames. However, this translational model fails to estimate complex camera motions, such as zooms and rotations, and is not accurate enough to estimate the true trajectories of scene objects. In this paper, a new side information creation framework integrating perspective transform motion modeling is proposed. This solution is able to better locally track the trajectories and deformations of each object and increase the accuracy of the overall side information estimation process. Experimental results show peak signal-to-noise ratio gains of up to 1 dB in side information quality and up to 0.5 dB in rate-distortion performance for some video sequences regarding state-of-the-art alternative solutions.

关键词： distributed video coding Side information Perspective motion model Frame interpolation

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Side information creation for efficient Wyner-Ziv video coding: Classifying and reviewing

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2013年第7期28卷 689-726页

作者： Brites, Catarina Ascenso, Joao Pereira, Fernando Inst Super Tecn Inst Telecomunicacoes Lisbon Portugal Inst Super Engn Lisboa Inst Telecomunicacoes Lisbon Portugal

video coding technologies have played a major role in the explosion of large market digital video applications and services. In this context, the very popular MPEG-x and H-26x video coding standards adopted a predictive coding paradigm, where complex encoders exploit the data redundancy and irrelevancy to 'control' much simpler decoders. This codec paradigm fits well applications and services such as digital television and video storage where the decoder complexity is critical, but does not match well the requirements of emerging applications such as visual sensor networks where the encoder complexity is more critical. The Slepian Wolf and Wyner-Ziv theorems brought the possibility to develop the so-called Wyner-Ziv video codecs, following a different coding paradigm where it is the task of the decoder, and not anymore of the encoder, to (fully or partly) exploit the video redundancy. Theoretically, Wyner-Ziv video coding does not incur in any compression performance penalty regarding the more traditional predictive coding paradigm (at least for certain conditions). In the context of Wyner-Ziv video codecs, the so-called side information, which is a decoder estimate of the original frame to code, plays a critical role in the overall compression performance. For this reason, much research effort has been invested in the past decade to develop increasingly more efficient side information creation methods. This paper has the main objective to review and evaluate the available side information methods after proposing a classification taxonomy to guide this review, allowing to achieve more solid conclusions and better identify the next relevant research challenges. After classifying the side information creation methods into four classes, notably guess, try, hint and learn, the review of the most important techniques in each class and the evaluation of some of them leads to the important conclusion that the side information creation methods provide better rate-distortion

关键词： distributed video coding Wyner-Ziv video coding Side information Compression efficiency

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Advanced side information creation techniques and framework for Wyner-Ziv video coding

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2008年第8期19卷 600-613页

作者： Ascenso, Joao Pereira, Fernando Inst Super Engn Lisboa Inst Telecomunicacoes P-1959007 Lisbon Portugal Univ Tecn Lisboa Inst Telecomunicacoes Inst Super Tecn P-1049001 Lisbon Portugal

Recently, several distributed video coding (DVC) solutions based on the distributed source coding (DSC) paradigm have appeared in the literature. Wyner-Ziv (WZ) video coding, a particular case of DVC where side information is made available at the decoder, enable to achieve a flexible distribution of the computational complexity between the encoder and decoder, promising to fulfill novel requirements from applications such as video surveillance, sensor networks and mobile camera phones. The quality of the side information at the decoder has a critical role in determining the WZ video coding rate-distortion (RD) performance, notably to raise it to a level as close as possible to the RD performance of standard predictive video coding schemes. Towards this target, efficient motion search algorithms for powerful frame interpolation are much needed at the decoder. In this paper, the RD performance of a Wyner-Ziv video codec is improved by using novel, advanced motion compensated frame interpolation techniques to generate the side information. The development of these type of side information estimators is a difficult problem in WZ video coding, especially because the decoder only has available some reference, decoded frames. Based on the regularization of the motion field, novel side information creation techniques are proposed in this paper along with a new frame interpolation framework able to generate higher quality side information at the decoder. To illustrate the RD performance improvements, this novel side information creation framework has been integrated in a transform domain turbo coding based Wyner-Ziv video codec. Experimental results show that the novel side information creation solution leads to better RD performance than available state-of-the-art side information estimators, with improvements up to 2 dB: moreover, it allows outperforming H.264/AVC Intra by up to 3 dB with a lower encoding complexity. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Wyner-Ziv video coding distributed video coding Side information creation Frame interpolation

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A Survey on Low-Complexity video coding Methods and Architectures

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RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 2014年第1期7卷 26-36页

作者： Yu, Shuang Qiao, Fei Yang, Xiao Luo, Li Yang, Huazhong Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Beijing Jiaotong Univ Dept Elect Beijing 100044 Peoples R China

Traditional video coding methods are able to achieve wonderful performance improvements in data compression. However, these methods have high computational complexity and hardware resource consumption, which are not suitable for some applications, such as wireless multi-media sensor network (WMSN) where low complexity video coding (LCVC) methods are modern technologies. In this survey, some typical LCVC methods are explored, including the cropping and improving of the traditional video encoder, distributed video coding (DVC), Compressive Sensing (CS) video encoder, Underdetermined Blind Signal Separation (UBSS) and Two-Dimensional Singular Value Decomposition (2-D SVD) based video encoder. These technologies could obtain better trade-off between high compression ratio and well reconstructed video quality with lower encoding complexity. Moreover, some known architectures of the mentioned LCVC methods are analyzed, as well as the brief performance analysis and comparison. Finally, some applications of low complexity video coding are described, such as wireless video surveillance system and mobile video equipment.

关键词： Applications compressive sensing distributed video coding low complexity modification of traditional video coding methods underdetermined blind signal separation video coding 2-D singular value decomposition

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Power Consumption Analysis for distributed video Sensors in Machine-to-Machine Networks

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IEEE JOURNAL ON EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2013年第1期3卷 55-64页

作者： Chien, Shao-Yi Cheng, Teng-Yuan Ou, Shun-Hsing Chiu, Chieh-Chuan Lee, Chia-Han Somayazulu, V. Srinivasa Chen, Yen-Kuang Natl Taiwan Univ Grad Inst Elect Engn Media IC & Syst Lab Taipei 106 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Dept Elect Engn Taipei 106 Taiwan Intel NTU Connected Context Comp Ctr Taipei 106 Taiwan Acad Sinica Res Ctr Informat Technol Innovat Taipei 115 Taiwan Intel Corp Hillsboro OR 97124 USA Intel Corp Santa Clara CA 95054 USA

Among different sensors used in machine- to- machine ( M2M) networks, video sensors can provide the richest information. However, much higher bandwidth and power consumption limit the feasibility of wide deployment. To integrate visual data acquisition ability into M2M networks, the design of low- power distributed video sensors is the key. This paper presents the power analysis of distributed video sensors. The power profile of a distributed video sensor node is first shown from measurement results, followed by detailed discussion of video coding engine selection, where the state- of- the- art H. 264/AVC coding engine is compared with distributed video coding engine. Moreover, the role of video content analysis is addressed. This paper can provide a fundamental basis for future distributed video sensor design.

关键词： distributed video analysis distributed video coding distributed video sensor Internet-of-Things (IoT) machine-to-machine (M2M) network perpetual video sensor

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Systematic lossy error protection based on H.264/AVC redundant slices and flexible macroblock ordering

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2006年第5期7卷 900-909页

作者： BACCICHET Pierpaolo RANE Shantanu GIROD Bernd Information Systems Lab Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA

The authors propose a scheme for Systematic Lossy Error Protection (SLEP) of an H.264/AVC compressed video bit stream, using standard compatible features such as redundant slices, and flexible macroblock ordering. The systematic portion consists of a conventional H.264/AVC bit stream. For error resilience, an additional Wyner-Ziv bit stream is also transmitted. The Wyner-Ziv bit stream allows the decoding of a coarsely quantized description of the original video signal, and is efficiently gen- erated by using H.264/AVC redundant slices in conjunction with Reed-Solomon coding. The Wyner-Ziv bit stream is decoded in order to recover the redundant video descriptions, which are used in lieu of portions lost from the original video signal due to channel errors. SLEP allows the video quality to degrade gracefully with worsening channel conditions, and provides a flexible trade-off between the achieved error resilience and the coarseness of the redundant description. The performance can be improved especially for low motion video sequences, by applying SLEP to a region-of-interest in the video frame, using flexible macroblock ordering (FMO). Experimental results provided for two video transmission scenarios, demonstrate the advantages of SLEP over forward error correction (FEC) as an error resilience scheme.

关键词： Wyner-Ziv coding distributed video coding Side information Systematic source-channel coding Redundant slices Flexible macroblock ordering (FMO)

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Reduced decoder complexity and latency in pixel-domain Wyner-Ziv video coders

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SIGNAL IMAGE AND video PROCESSING 2008年第2期2卷 129-140页

作者： Morbee, Marleen Roca, Antoni Prades-Nebot, Josep Pizurica, Aleksandra Philips, Wilfried Univ Ghent TELIN IPI IBBT B-9000 Ghent Belgium Univ Politecn Valencia GTS ITEAM Valencia 46022 Spain

In some video coding applications, it is desirable to reduce the complexity of the video encoder at the expense of a more complex decoder. Wyner-Ziv (WZ) video coding is a new paradigm that aims to achieve this. To allocate a proper number of bits to each frame, most WZ video coding algorithms use a feedback channel, which allows the decoder to request additional bits when needed. However, due to these multiple bit requests, the complexity and the latency of WZ video decoders increase massively. To overcome these problems, in this paper we propose a rate allocation (RA) algorithm for pixel-domain WZ video coders. This algorithm estimates at the encoder the number of bits needed for the decoding of every frame while still keeping the encoder complexity low. Experimental results show that, by using our RA algorithm, the number of bit requests over the feedback channel-and hence, the decoder complexity and the latency-are significantly reduced. Meanwhile, a very near-to-optimal rate-distortion performance is maintained.

关键词： distributed video coding Wyner-Ziv coding Feedback channel Rate allocation

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Novel solutions for side information generation and fusion in multiview DVC

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EURASIP JOURNAL ON ADVANCES IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 2013年第1期2013卷 1-17页

作者： Petrazzuoli, Giovanni Cagnazzo, Marco Pesquet-Popescu, Beatrice TELECOM ParisTech Inst TELECOM Dept Image & Signal Proc F-75634 Paris France

One of the key problems in distributed video coding is the generation of side information. This task consists of producing an estimate of an image with some neighboring ones, such as those taken by the same camera at different time instants, or, in the case of multiview setups, images taken at the same time instant by different cameras. If both estimates are available, a further problem arises, which is how to merge them in order to create a single side information. This problem is very relevant since a good estimate of the unknown image will require only a few bits to be corrected. Considering a multiview distributed video-coding setup, we propose a novel technique for inter-view interpolation based on occlusion prediction, a new fusion technique from multiple estimates, and finally an adaptive validation step for switching among the three possible side information images: temporal, inter-view, and fusion. We provide a comprehensive set of experimental results, which indicate bit rate reductions of more than 9% in average;moreover, we observe much more consistent results with respect to state-of-the-art techniques.

关键词： distributed video coding Side information Occlusion detection Inter-view interpolation Fusion

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