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IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2007)

作者： Clerckx, Tom Munteanu, Adrian Cornelis, Jan Schelkens, Peter Vrije Univ Brussel Interdisciplinary Inst Broadband Technol Dept Elect & Informat ETRO B-1050 Brussels Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9781424414369

distributed video coding is a coding paradigm that allows complexity to be shared between encoder and decoder. In this context, video coding systems have been developed with encoder complexities similar to H.263+ intra-coding, while obtaining compression performance comparable to H.263+ inter coding. The decoders in these systems typically employ motion-compensated frame interpolation or extrapolation to generate side-information. However, as motion complexity of the video sequence increases, such generators fail to provide reliable side information. This paper proposes a pixel-domain distributed video coding method, combining low-complexity encoder-side bitplane motion estimation with decoder-side motion-compensated frame interpolation. It is shown that such a system is more suitable for sequences with increased motion complexity, compared to codecs that employ motion estimation at the decoder only.

关键词： distributed video coding low-complexity compression Slepian-Wolf

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Towards Practical distributed video coding for Energy-Constrained Networks

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2016年第1期25卷 121-130页

作者： CAO Yue GAO Shaoshuai ZHANG Can QIU Gengfeng School of Electronic Electrical and Communication Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Most of current distributed video codecs are developed based on the structure of Stanford scheme that employs channel coding like LDPC and Turbo ***, they need many times of iteration and feedback,which bring high decoding complexity and latency that make them less practical in energy-constrained *** this paper, a new distributed video codec based on modulo operation in the pixel domain is proposed, which only needs one feedback request and has a much lower decoding complexity. Mathematical proof of the equivalence between modulo operation and coset partition in the M-ary field is given, which means that the modulo operation in the M-ary field is a good substitute for channel codes in the distributed video coding systems. A system is built based on the proposed scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art distributed video codecs with the decoding complexity as low as 1% to 10% of them.

关键词： distributed video coding Modulo operation Coset codes Side information

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Performance evaluation of error control schemes for distributed video coding over wireless multimedia sensor networks

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2018年第15期77卷 19547-19568页

作者： Nikzad, Mortaza Bohlooli, Ali Jamshidi, Kamal Univ Isfahan Fac Comp Engn Esfahan Iran

distributed video coding (DVC) is a new approach in video coding which due to low computational complexity at the encoder side, has a great potential to be used in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN). However, the different architecture of this codec affects the efficiency of transmission protocols and in order to efficient transmission of DVC over WMSN, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the transmission protocols in the presence of DVC characteristics. In the view of these protocols, error control methods are important mechanisms that provide quality of service and robust multimedia communications. For this reason, we performed a comparative performance analysis for all error control schemes that consist of Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), Forward Error Correction (FEC), Erasure coding (EC), hybrid link layer ARQ/FEC and multi-layer hybrid error control schemes for DVC in WMSNs. These analyses are in the terms of the most importance metrics in multimedia communications over WSNs, such as objective and subjective video quality criteria, delay, energy consumption and some DVC-specific metrics. The results show the distinct behavior of DVC in the presence of channel error and can be used to propose an effective and efficient error control scheme for DVC over WMSN.

关键词： distributed video coding Error control Wireless multimedia sensor networks

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Error resiliency transcoding and decoding solutions using distributed video coding techniques

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2008年第8期23卷 610-623页

作者： Shanableh, Tamer May, Tony Ishtiaq, Faisal Amer Univ Sharjah Dept Comp Sci & Engn Coll Engn Sharjah U Arab Emirates Motorola Ltd Multimedia Res Lab Basingstoke Hants England Motorola Inc Multimedia Res Lab Schaumburg IL 60196 USA

This paper proposes a number of video transcoding techniques for the purpose of adding error resiliency. The proposed solutions make use of distributed video coding technologies that were originally reported in the literature for distributing coding complexity between the encoder and the decoder. Three transcoding solutions are proposed: frequency-domain, time-domain and compressed-domain transcoding, and various decoding architectures are investigated. Error resiliency at the decoder is addressed as a post-process, an integrated process and a pre-process. It is shown that implementing error resiliency as a decoder pre-process and combining this with compressed-domain transcoding removes the need to interfere with the functionality of existing and compliant decoders whilst minimizing complexity. The proposed solutions serve as a framework for boosting the error resiliency of pre-encoded video and can be applied to MPEG-2, and H.264/AVC coded streams. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： distributed video coding video transcoding Channel coding and video networking

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Content-based group-of-picture size control in distributed video coding

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2014年第3期29卷 332-344页

作者： Masala, Enrico Yu, Yanmei He, Xiaohai Politecn Torino Control & Comp Engn Dept I-10129 Turin Italy Sichuan Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Chengdu 610065 Peoples R China

Controlling the group of picture (GOP) size in distributed video coding (DVC) is a difficult but important task since it has a direct impact on the coding performance. This paper presents a framework to adaptively control the size of GOPs in a Wyner-Ziv encoder by means of encoder-side decisions based on support vector machines (SVM) that uses simple features extracted from the original video content. To train the SVM, firstly this work proposes how to compute the sequence of GOP sizes with the best rate-distortion performance given the set of GOP sizes that can be used during the encoding process. Then, an algorithm based on the previously trained SVMs is presented to control the actual GOP size each time a new decision can be taken at the encoder. Results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a rate distortion performance close to the ideal one. Moreover, comparisons with a reference adaptive GOP size selection algorithm in the literature shows gains up to 2 dB PSNR in the best conditions. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： distributed video coding Adaptive GOP size Content-based adaptation Support vector machine

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Theory and practice of rate division in distributed video coding

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2008年第7期E91A卷 1806-1811页

作者： Wang, Peng Wang, Jia Yu, Songyu Pang, Yuye Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Inst Image Commun & Informat Proc Dept Elect Engn Shanghai Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Shanghai Key Lab Digital Media Proc & Transmiss Shanghai Peoples R China

Wyner and Ziv characterized the rate distortion function for lossy source coding with side information at the decoder. It is well known that for the quadratic Gaussian case, the Wyner-Ziv rate-distortion function coincides with the conditional rate-distortion function. In this paper, we extend the problem to the coding of multivariate Gaussian source with multiple Gaussian side information at the decoder. The achievable region is obtained, and it is easily extended to the case that the difference between the source and the side information is multivariate Gaussian, no matter what distributions the source and the side information are. We apply this theoretical model to distributed video coding (DVC) by considering the difference of the distributed frame (D frame) and the Side-information frame (S frame) to be multivariate Gaussian distributed. This introduces rate allocation problem into DVC, which can be solved by a reverse water-filling method. Simulation results show that around 1.5-2 dB coding gain benefits from the multivariate Gaussian Wyner-Ziv coding model.

关键词： distributed source coding distributed video coding side-information frame distributed frame

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Side information generation with auto regressive model for low-delay distributed video coding

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2012年第1期23卷 229-236页

作者： Zhang, Yongbing Zhao, Debin Liu, Hongbin Li, Yongpeng Ma, Siwei Gao, Wen Tsinghua Univ Grad Sch Shenzhen Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Harbin Inst Technol Harbin 150006 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Comp Technol Beijing Peoples R China Peking Univ Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

In this paper, we propose an auto regressive (AR) model to generate the high quality side information (SI) for Wyner-Ziv (WZ) frames in low-delay distributed video coding, where the future frames are not used for generating SI. In the proposed AR model, the SI of each pixel within the current WZ frame t is generated as a linear weighted summation of the pixels within a window in the previous reconstructed WZ/Key frame t - 1 along the motion trajectory. To obtain accurate SI, the AR model is used in both temporal directions in the reconstructed WZ/Key frames t - 1 and t - 2, and then the regression results are fused with traditional extrapolation result based on a probability model. In each temporal direction, a weighting coefficient set is computed by the least mean square method for each block in the current WZ frame t. In particular, due to the unavailability of future frames in low-delay distributed video coding, a centrosymmetric rearrangement is proposed for pixel generation in the backward direction. Various experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model is able to achieve a higher performance compared to the existing SI generation methods. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： distributed video coding Low delay Auto regressive model Side information Wyner-Ziv Probability based fusion Centrosymmetric rearrangement Least mean square

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Side Information and Noise Learning for distributed video coding Using Optical Flow and Clustering

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2012年第12期21卷 4782-4796页

作者： Huynh Van Luong Raket, Lars Lau Huang, Xin Forchhammer, Soren Tech Univ Denmark Dept Photon Engn DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark Univ Copenhagen Dept Comp Sci DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark

distributed video coding (DVC) is a coding paradigm that exploits the source statistics at the decoder side to reduce the complexity at the encoder. The coding efficiency of DVC critically depends on the quality of side information generation and accuracy of noise modeling. This paper considers transform domain Wyner-Ziv (TDWZ) coding and proposes using optical flow to improve side information generation and clustering to improve the noise modeling. The optical flow technique is exploited at the decoder side to compensate for weaknesses of block-based methods, when using motion-compensation to generate side information frames. Clustering is introduced to capture cross band correlation and increase local adaptivity in the noise modeling. This paper also proposes techniques to learn from previously decoded WZ frames. Different techniques are combined by calculating a number of candidate soft side information for low density parity check accumulate decoding. The proposed decoder side techniques for side information and noise learning (SING) are integrated in a TDWZ scheme. On test sequences, the proposed SING codec robustly improves the coding efficiency of TDWZ DVC. For WZ frames using a GOP size of 2, up to 4-dB improvement or an average (Bjontegaard) bit-rate savings of 37% is achieved compared with DISCOVER.

关键词： Adaptive noise distributed video coding multihypothesis noise residual learning optical flow

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Error-resilient scalable compression based on distributed video coding

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2009年第6期24卷 437-451页

作者： Ouaret, Mourad Dufaux, Frederic Ebrahimi, Touradj Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne MultiMedia Signal Proc Grp MMSPG CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

distributed video coding (DVC) is a new paradigm for video compression based on the information theoretical results of Slepian-Wolf (SW) and Wyner-Ziv (WZ). In this work, a performance analysis of image and video coding schemes based on DVC is presented, addressing temporal, quality and spatial scalability. More specifically, conventional coding is used to obtain a base layer while WZ coding generates the enhancement layers. At the decoder, the base layer is used to construct Side Information (SI) for the DVC decoding process. Initially, we show that the scalable DVC approach is codec-independent, which means that it is independent from the method used to encode the base layer. Moreover, the influence of the base layer quality on the overall performance of the schemes is studied. Finally, evaluation of the proposed schemes is performed in both cases, with and without transmission errors. The simulation results show that scalable DVC has a lower compression efficiency than conventional scalable coding (i.e. scalable video coding and JPEG2000 for video and image, respectively) in error-free conditions. On the other hand, the DVC-based schemes show better error resilience as they outperform conventional scalable coding in error-prone conditions. More specifically, the Rate Distortion (RD) performance of the proposed schemes for image coding is compared with respect to Reed Solomon (RS) protected JPEG2000. While the latter exhibits a cliff effect as its performance dramatically decreases after a certain error rate, the performance of the DVC-based schemes decreases in a steady way with error rate increase. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Error-resilience distributed video coding Scalable coding Codec-independent scalability

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An improved side information generation for distributed video coding

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AEU-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS 2014年第3期68卷 201-209页

作者： Rupa, Suvendu Majhi, Banshidhar Padhy, Sudarshan Int Inst Informat Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Bhubaneswar Orissa India Natl Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Rourkela India Inst Math & Applicat Bhubaneswar Orissa India

This paper presents a side information (SI) scheme for distributed video coding based on multilayer perceptron. The suggested scheme predicts a Wyner-Ziv (WZ) frame from two decoded key frames. The network is trained offline using patterns from different standard video sequences with varied motion characteristics to achieve generalization. The proposed scheme is simulated along with other standard video coding schemes. Performance comparisons have been made with respect to training convergence, rate distortion (RD), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), number of requests per SI frame, decoding time requirement, etc. In general, it is observed that the proposed scheme has a superior SI frame generation capability as compared to its competent schemes. (C) 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

关键词： distributed video coding Side information Multi layer perceptron Rate distortion Decoding time requirement

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