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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 2000年第4期46卷 1204-1216页

作者： Ahlswede, R Cai, N Li, SYR Yeung, RW Univ Bielefeld Fak Math D-33501 Bielefeld Germany Chinese Univ Hong Kong Dept Informat Engn Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China

We introduce a new class of problems called network information flow which is inspired by computer network applications. Consider a point-to-point communication network on which a number of information sources are to be mulitcast to certain sets of destinations. We assume that the information sources are mutually independent. The problem is to characterize the admissible coding rate region. This model subsumes all previously studied models along the same line. In this paper, we study the problem with one information source, and we have obtained a simple characterization of the admissible coding rate region. Our result can be regarded as the Max-flow Min-cut Theorem for network information flow. Contrary to one's intuition, our work reveals that it is in general not optimal to regard the information to be multicast as a "fluid'' which can simply be routed or replicated. Rather, by employing coding at the nodes, which we refer to as network coding, bandwidth can in general be saved. This finding may have significant impact on future design of switching systems.

关键词： diversity coding multicast network coding switching multiterminal source coding

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Coded Path Protection: Efficient Conversion of Sharing to coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2013年第10期61卷 4294-4309页

作者： Avci, Serhat Nazim Ayanoglu, Ender Univ Calif Irvine Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Ctr Pervas Commun & Comp Irvine CA 92697 USA

Link failures in wide area networks are common and cause significant data losses. Mesh-based protection schemes offer high capacity efficiency but they are slow and require complex signaling. Additionally, real-time reconfigurations of cross-connects threaten their transmission integrity. On the other hand, there are other schemes that are proactive. Proactivity results in higher restoration speed, lower signaling complexity, and higher transmission integrity. This paper introduces a coding-based proactive protection scheme, named Coded Path Protection (CPP). In CPP, a backup stream of the primary data is encoded with other data streams, resulting in capacity savings. In addition to a systematic approach of building valid coding structures, this paper presents an optimal and simple capacity placement and coding group formation algorithm. The algorithm converts the sharing structure of any solution of a Shared Path Protection (SPP) technique into a coding structure with minimum extra capacity. We conducted quantitative and qualitative comparisons of our technique with SPP and Shared Link Protection (SLP). Simulation results confirm that the CPP is significantly faster than both the SPP and the SLP. It is clearly more capacity efficient than the SLP while it incurs marginal extra capacity beyond that of the SPP.

关键词： Network restoration shared path protection diversity coding network coding integer linear programming

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Performance Modeling of diversity Coded Path Protection in OBS/OPS Networks

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2019年第13期37卷 3138-3152页

作者： Li, Shuo Wong, Eric Wing Ming Overby, Harald Zukerman, Moshe RMIT Univ Sch Engn Melbourne Vic 3000 Australia City Univ Hong Kong Dept Elect Engn Kowloon Hong Kong Peoples R China Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Dept Informat Secur & Commun Technol Trondheim Norway

In bufferless optical burst/packet switched (OBS/OPS) networks, data (bursts or packets) may be lost due to contention or equipment failure. diversity coding-based path protection schemes can he used to protect data from a single-trunk failure with potentially more efficient resource utilization compared to dedicated (e.g., 1 + 1) path protection schemes and help reduce the burst/packet loss ratio. This paper provides a scalable and accurate burst/packet loss ratio approximation based on the Erlang fixed-point approximation for networks that employ protection based on diversity coding and for networks that employ protection based on both diversity coding and 1 + 1 path protection. We use discrete event simulations to assess the accuracy of the approximation based on a wide range of scenarios in a 10-node circular lattice and NSFNet networks. Further, we discuss the effect of parameter settings and the effect of the choice of the wavelength selection method on the accuracy of the approximation. We consider scenarios without wavelength conversion and with full wavelength conversion and two types of users: premium and regular. The premium users, typically of mission critical services, receive protection while the regular users do not. We compare diversity coding and 1 + 1 path protection in a 10-node circular lattice network. The results show that for this example network, for the premium users and under low traffic load, the burst/packet loss ratio in OBS/OPS networks is lower for diversity coding compared to 1 + 1 path protection. However, under heavy traffic load, we observe a lower loss ratio for the case of 1 + 1 path protection.

关键词： Burst loss ratio diversity coding Erlang fixed-point approximation optical burst switching path protection

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Analysis of multipath routing, part 2: Mitigation of the effects of frequently changing network topologies

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2004年第2期3卷 500-511页

作者： Tsirigos, A Haas, ZJ NYU Courant Inst Math Sci New York NY 10012 USA Cornell Univ Sch Elect Engn Ithaca NY 14853 USA

In this paper, we extend the analysis of multipath routing presented in our previous work, so that the basic restrictions on the evaluation and optimization of that scheme can be dropped (e.g., disjoint paths and identical paths in terms of failure probability). In that work, we employed diversity coding in order to provide increased protection against frequent route failures by splitting data packets and distributing them over multiple disjoint paths. Motivated by the high increase in the packet delivery ratio, we study the increase we can achieve through the usage of multiple paths in the general case, where the paths are not necessarily independent and their failure probabilities vary. For this reason, a function that measures the probability of successful transmission is derived as a tight approximation of the evaluation function P-succ. Given the failure probabilities of the available paths and their correlation, we are able to find in polynomial time the set of paths that maximizes the probability of reconstructing the,original information at the destination.

关键词： ad hoc networks ad hoc routing alternate-path routing diversity coding multipath routing network-fault tolerance quality of service

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MuSeQoR: Multi-path failure-tolerant security-aware QoS routing in ad hoc wireless networks

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COMPUTER NETWORKS 2006年第9期50卷 1349-1383页

作者： Reddy, T. Bheemarjuna Sriram, S. Manoj, B. S. Murthy, C. Siva Ram Indian Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn HPCN Lab Madras 600036 Tamil Nadu India Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Comp Sci Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Calif San Diego Jacobs Sch Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA

In this paper, we present MuSeQoR: a new multi-path routing, protocol that tackles the twin issues of reliability (protection against failures Of Multiple paths) and security, while ensuring minimum data redundancy. Unlike ill all the previous studies. reliability is addressed in the context of both erasure and corruption channels. We also quantify the security of the protocol in terms of the number of eavesdropping nodes. The reliability and security requirements of a session are specified by a User and are related to the parameters of the protocol adaptively. This relationship is of central importance and shows how the protocol attempts to simultaneously achieve reliability and security. In addition. by using optimal coding schemes and by dispersing the original data. we minimize the redundancy. Finally, extensive simulations were performed to assess the performance of the protocol Under varying network conditions. The simulation Studies clearly indicate the gains in using Such a protocol and also highlight the enormous flexibility of the protocol. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： multi-path routing QoS security dispersity routing diversity coding erasure channel corruption channel ad hoc wireless networks

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Analysis of multipath routing - Part I: The effect on the packet delivery ratio

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2004年第1期3卷 138-146页

作者： Tsirigos, A Haas, ZJ NYU Courant Inst Math Sci New York NY 10012 USA Cornell Univ Sch Elect Engn Ithaca NY 14853 USA

In this paper, we develop an analytical framework for evaluating multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks. The instability of the topology (e.g., failure of links) in this type of network due to nodal mobility and changes in wireless propagation conditions makes transmission of time-sensitive information a challenging problem. To combat the inherent unreliability of these networks, we propose a routing scheme that uses multiple paths simultaneously by splitting the information between a multitude of paths, so as to increase the probability that the essential portion of the information is received at the destination without incurring excessive delay. Our scheme works by adding an overhead to each packet, which is calculated as a linear function of the original packet bits. The resulting packet (information and overhead) is fragmented into smaller blocks and distributed over the available paths. The probability of reconstructing the original information at the destination is derived in an analytical form and its behavior is studied for some special cases. It is shown that, under certain constraints, the packet dropping probability decreases as the number of used paths is increased.

关键词： ad hoc networks ad hoc routing alternative path routing diversity coding multipath routing network fault tolerance quality of service

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Distributed source coding for satellite communications

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 1999年第4期45卷 1111-1120页

作者： Yeung, RW Zhang, Z Chinese Univ Hong Kong Dept Informat Engn Hong Kong NT Peoples R China Univ So Calif Dept Elect Engn Syst Inst Commun Sci Los Angeles CA 90089 USA

Inspired by mobile satellite communications systems, we consider a source coding system which consists of multiple sources, multiple encoders, and multiple decoders. Each encoder has access to a certain subset of the sources, each decoder has access to certain subset of the encoders, and each decoder reconstructs a certain subset of the sources almost perfectly. The connectivity between the sources and the encoders, the connectivity between the encoders and the decoders, and the reconstruction requirements for the decoders are all arbitrary. Our goal is to characterize the admissible coding rate region. Despite the generality of the problem, we have developed an approach which enables us to study all cases on the same footing. We obtain inner and outer bounds of the admissible coding rate region in terms of Gamma(N)* and <(Gamma)over bar>(N)*, respectively, which are fundamental regions in the entropy space recently defined by Yeung, So far, there has not been a full characterization of Gamma(N)*, so these bounds cannot be evaluated explicitly except for some special cases. Nevertheless, we obtain an alternative outer bound which can be evaluated explicitly. We show that this bound is tight for all the special cases for which the admissible coding rate region is known, The model we study in this paper is more general than all previously reported models on multilevel diversity coding, and the tools we use are new in multiuser,information theory.

关键词： diversity coding multiterminal source coding multiuser information theory satellite communication

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Enhanced diversity and Network Coded 5G Wireless Fog-Based-Fronthaul Networks 88

Enhanced Diversity and Network Coded 5G Wireless Fog-Based-F...

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88th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)

作者： Sulieman, Nabeel I. Balevi, Eren Gitlin, Richard D. Univ S Florida Dept Elect Engn Innovat Wireless Informat Networking Lab iWINLAB Tampa FL 33620 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538663585

The synergistic combination of diversity and Network coding (DC-NC) was previously introduced to provide very low end-to-end latency in recovering from a link failure and improve the throughput for a wide variety of network architectures. This paper is directed towards further improving DC-NC to be able to tolerate multiple, simultaneous link failures with less computational complexity. In this way, reliability will be maximized and the recovery time from multiple link or node failures is reduced in SG fronthaul wireless networks. This is accomplished by modifying Triangular Network coding (TNC) to create enhanced DC-NC (eDC-NC) that is applied to 5G wireless Fog computing-based Radio Access Networks (Fog-RAN). Our results show that using eDC-NC coding in Fog-RAN fronthaul network will provide ultra-reliability and enable near instantaneous fault recovery while retaining the throughput improvement feature of DC-NC. In addition, the scalability of eDC-NC coding is demonstrated. Furthermore, it is shown that the redundancy percentage for complete protection is always less than 50% for the practical cases that were evaluated.

关键词： 5G diversity coding Fog-RAN reliability throughput Triangular Network coding

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Minimizing Energy Consumption for Cooperative Network and diversity Coded Sensor Networks

Minimizing Energy Consumption for Cooperative Network and Di...

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13th Annual Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS)

作者： Arrobo, Gabriel E. Gitlin, Richard D. Univ S Florida Dept Elect Engn Tampa FL 33620 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479912971

In this paper, we present an approach to minimize the energy consumption of multihop wireless packet networks, while achieving the required level of reliability. We consider networks that use Cooperative Network coding (CNC), which is a synergistic combination of Cooperative Communications and Network coding. Our approach is to optimize and balance the use of forward error control, error detection, and retransmissions at the packet level for these networks. Additionally, we introduce Cooperative diversity coding (CDC), which is a novel means to code the information packets, with the aim of minimizing the energy consumed for coding operations. The performance of CDC is similar to CNC in terms of the probability of successful reception at the destination and expected number of correctly received information packets at the destination. However, CDC requires less energy at the source node because of its implementation simplicity. Achieving minimal energy consumption, with the required level of reliability is critical for the optimum functioning of many wireless sensor and body area networks. For representative applications, the optimized CDC or CNC network achieves >= 25% energy savings compared to the baseline CNC scheme.

关键词： cooperative network coding network coding diversity coding cooperative communications

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Reliable and Resilient Coordinated Multi Point Fronthaul Networks 19

Reliable and Resilient Coordinated Multi Point Fronthaul Net...

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IEEE 19th Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON)

作者： Sulieman, Nabeel I. Balevi, Eren Gitlin, Richard D. Univ S Florida Dept Elect Engn Tampa FL 33620 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538612675

Very fast link failure recovery and high throughput can be achieved via the synergistic combination of diversity and Network coding (DC-NC), an open-loop coding technique, in a wide variety of network architectures. In this paper, DC-NC is applied to enable recovering from a wireless link/node failure in the fronthaul portion of downlink Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) 5G wireless network in a C-RAN environment. Our results demonstrate that by utilizing DC-NC coding in CoMP systems, resource consumption is reduced by about one-third and ultra-reliability with near-instantaneous fault recovery is achieved.

关键词： 5G CoMP diversity coding fronthaul Network coding reliability throughput

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