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Comparing two spreadsheet calculation paradigms: an empirical study with novice users

INTERACTING WITH COMPUTERS 2001年第4期13卷 427-446页

作者： Tukiainen, M Univ Joensuu Dept Comp Sci FIN-80101 Joensuu Finland

empirical studies of spreadsheet programming have commonly shown high overall error rates but only little attention has been paid to reasons for these errors. One often mentioned cause for errors is the low conceptual level of spreadsheet systems, e.g. the lack of abstraction and modularity mechanisms. By offering these kinds of mechanisms to spreadsheet users, we wanted to study whether the conceptual level has an effect on types of errors produced. The higher conceptual level paradigm offered is the structured spreadsheet calculation paradigm, which utilizes goals, plans and spreadsheet data structures in computation. In this paper, we present an empirical study with novice users, comparing the traditional spreadsheet calculation paradigm and the structured spreadsheet calculation paradigm. The results show that the two different paradigms produce different error behaviors. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： human-computer interaction empirical studies of programmers calculation paradigms spreadsheet calculation

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Why is programming (sometimes) so difficult? Programming as scientific discovery in multiple problem spaces

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH 1997年第1期8卷 25-50页

作者： Kim, JW Lerch, FJ CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV GRAD SCH IND ADMPITTSBURGHPA 15213

Our theoretical framework views programming as search in three problem spaces: rule, instance, and representation. The main objectives of this study are to find out how programmers change representation while working in multiple problem spaces, and how representation change increases the difficulty of programming tasks. Our theory of programming indicates that programming is similar to the way scientists discover and test theories. That is, programmers generate hypotheses in the rule space and test these hypotheses in the instance space. Moreover, programmers change their representations in the representation space when rule development becomes too difficult or alternative representations are available. We conducted three empirical studies with different programming tasks: writing a new program, understanding an existing program, and reusing an old program. Our results indicate that considerable cognitive difficulties stem from the need to change representations in these tasks. We conclude by discussing the implications of viewing programming as a scientific discovery for the design of programming environments and training methods.

关键词： empirical studies of programmers object-oriented programming scientific discovery multiple problem spaces

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Glacier: Transitive Class Immutability for Java 17

Glacier: Transitive Class Immutability for Java

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39th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)

作者： Coblenz, Michael Nelson, Whitney Aldrich, Jonathan Myers, Brad Sunshine, Joshua Carnegie Mellon Univ Sch Comp Sci Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Hampton Univ Hampton VA 23668 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538638682

Though immutability has been long-proposed as a way to prevent bugs in software, little is known about how to make immutability support in programming languages effective for software engineers. We designed a new formalism that extends Java to support transitive class immutability, the form of immutability for which there is the strongest empirical support, and implemented that formalism in a tool called Glacier. We applied Glacier successfully to two real-world systems. We also compared Glacier to Java's final in a user study of twenty participants. We found that even after being given instructions on how to express immutability with final, participants who used final were unable to express immutability correctly, whereas almost all participants who used Glacier succeeded. We also asked participants to make specific changes to immutable classes and found that participants who used final all incorrectly mutated immutable state, whereas almost all of the participants who used Glacier succeeded. Glacier represents a promising approach to enforcing immutability in Java and provides a model for enforcement in other languages.

关键词： immutability programming language usability empirical studies of programmers

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A Course-Based Usability Analysis of Cilk Plus and OpenMP

A Course-Based Usability Analysis of Cilk Plus and OpenMP

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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing*

作者： Coblenz, Michael Seacord, Robert Myers, Brad Sunshine, Joshua Aldrich, Jonathan Carnegie Mellon Univ Sch Comp Sci Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Secure Coding Inst Gibsonia PA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467374576

Cilk Plus and OpenMP are parallel language extensions for the C and C++ programming languages. The CPLEX Study Group of the ISO/IEC C Standards Committee is developing a proposal for a parallel programming extension to C that combines ideas from Cilk Plus and OpenMP. We conducted a preliminary comparison of Cilk Plus and OpenMP in a master's level course on security to evaluate the design tradeoffs in the usability and security of these two approaches. The eventual goal is to inform decision-making within the committee. We found several usability problems worthy of further investigation based on student performance, including declaring and using reductions, multi-line compiler directives, and the understandability of task assignment to threads.

关键词： API usability empirical studies of programmers parallel programming OpenMP Cilk Plus

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Exploring Language Support for Immutability 16

Exploring Language Support for Immutability

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38th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)

作者： Coblenz, Michael Sunshine, Joshua Aldrich, Jonathan Myers, Brad Weber, Sam Shull, Forrest Carnegie Mellon Univ 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Inst Software Engn 4500 Fifth Ave Pittsburgh PA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450339001

Programming languages can restrict state change by preventing it entirely (immutability) or by restricting which clients may modify state (read-only restrictions). The benefits of immutability and read-only restrictions in software structures have been long-argued by practicing software engineers, researchers, and programming language designers. However, there are many proposals for language mechanisms for restricting state change, with a remarkable diversity of techniques and goals, and there is little empirical data regarding what practicing software engineers want in their tools and what would benefit them. We systematized the large collection of techniques used by programming languages to help programmers prevent undesired changes in state. We interviewed expert software engineers to discover their expectations and requirements, and found that important requirements, such as expressing immutability constraints, were not reflected in features available in the languages participants used. The interview results informed our design of a new language extension for specifying immutability in Java. Through an iterative, participatory design process, we created a tool that reflects requirements from both our interviews and the research literature.

关键词： Programming language design Programming language usability Immutability Mutability Programmer productivity empirical studies of programmers

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A Qualitative Study of REST API Design and Specification Practices

A Qualitative Study of REST API Design and Specification Pra...

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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

作者： Coblenz, Michael Guo, Wentao Voozhian, Kamatchi Foster, Jeffrey S. Univ Calif San Diego Comp Sci & Engn Dept San Diego CA 92103 USA Univ Maryland Dept Comp Sci College Pk MD 20742 USA Nokia Inc Sunnyvale CA USA Univ Maryland College Pk MD 20742 USA Tufts Univ Dept Comp Sci Medford MA 02155 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350329469

REST APIs expose web services to clients. Although experts have recommended guidelines for REST API design, there is little empirical evidence regarding the relationship between adherence to guidelines and benefits to API consumers. We interviewed ten REST API designers to understand what practices REST API designers follow, what opinions they have of existing guidelines, and what challenges they face when designing and using APIs. Some guidelines were widely followed, and some were rejected as being inconsistent with good practice. The participants reported additional challenges: authentication and authorization are too hard to implement;specifications and documentation are frequently missing, vague, or outdated;and standard error reporting methods are insufficient for end users and for debugging purposes. Overall, our observations present opportunities for tool developers to significantly improve the situation by assessing and assuring conformance with guidelines;by aligning documentation with specifications and implementations;and by standardizing guidelines for API design.

关键词： REST APIs Web APIs API design empirical studies of programmers

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API Designers in the Field: Design Practices and Challenges for Creating Usable APIs

API Designers in the Field: Design Practices and Challenges ...

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IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)

作者： Murphy, Lauren Kery, Mary Beth Alliyu, Oluwatosin Macvean, Andrew Myers, Brad A. Univ Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA CMU HCII Pittsburgh PA USA Haverford Coll Haverford PA 19041 USA Google Inc Seattle WA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538642351

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are a rapidly growing industry and the usability of the APIs is crucial to programmer productivity. Although prior research has shown that APIs commonly suffer from significant usability problems, little attention has been given to studying how APIs are designed and created in the first place. We interviewed 24 professionals involved with API design from 7 major companies to identify their training and design processes. Interviewees had insights into many different aspects of designing for API usability and areas of significant struggle. For example, they learned to do API design on the job, and had little training for it in school. During the design phase they found it challenging to discern which potential use cases of the API users will value most. After an API is released, designers lack tools to gather aggregate feedback from this data even as developers openly discuss the API online.

关键词： API Usability empirical studies of programmers Developer Experience (DevX, DX) Web Services

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Insights from empirical studies of the software design process

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Future Generation Computer Systems 1992年第2-3期7卷 139-149页

作者： Curtis, Bill Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 United States

empirical research on software development has shown that the design phase exercises extreme leverage over project outcomes. This paper reviews research performed on the design process and proposes several research questions whose answers are crucial to improving productivity and quality. One implication of these results is that project outcomes are largely determined before a project begins. © 1992.

关键词： design process distributed cognition empirical studies of programmers programming teams Software design software organizations software process software psychology

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