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IEEE 6th International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS)

作者： Bayram, Fatih S. Amin, Md Nur Melke, Aleksandra Schneider, Roland Radtke, Roman Jesser, Alexander Heilbronn Univ Appl Sci Inst Intelligent Cyber Phys Syst Kunzelsau Germany Adolf Wirth GmbH & Co KG Operat Excellence Kunzelsau Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350311259

This paper addresses the use of encoding techniques of time series data in a Predictive Maintenance (PdM) system for failure prevention of industrial assets. Baseline is a dataset of an electric motor from an industrial application. Goal of this work is to compare the effectiveness of the different encoding techniques with the raw time series using an unsupervised deep learning approach for anomaly detection in multivariate time series based on a Convolutional Autoencoder (CAE). The encoding techniques investigated here are Gramian Angular Field, Markov Transition Field and Recurrence Plot. For this task, 37 experiments have been realized. It has been demonstrated that anomaly detection with almost all of the encoding techniques performed better than with the use of raw time series. Finally, the proposed approaches have been evaluated and further potential research work in this area has been pointed out.

关键词： Predictive Maintenance Anomaly Detection encoding techniques Multivariate Time Series Deep Learning Convolutional Autoencoder

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Effectiveness of production and drawing as encoding techniques on recall using mixed- and pure-list designs

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MEMORY 2025年第1期33卷 1-18页

作者： Tran, Sophia H. N. Fernandes, Myra A. Univ Waterloo Dept Psychol 200 Univ Ave W Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

We compared the benefit of production and drawing on recall of concrete and abstract words, using mixed- and pure-list designs. We varied stimulus and list types to examine whether the memory benefit from these strategies was sustained across these manipulations. For all experiments, the memory retrieval task was free recall. In Experiment 1, participants studied concrete and abstract words sequentially, with prompts to either silently-read, read aloud, write, or draw each target (intermixed). Reading aloud, writing, and drawing improved recall compared to silent reading, with drawing leading to the largest boost. Performance, however, was at floor in all but the drawing condition. In Experiment 2, the number of targets was reduced, and each strategy (between-subjects) was compared to silent-reading. We eliminated floor effects and replicated results from Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, we manipulated strategy in a pure-list-design. The drawing benefit was maintained while that from production was eliminated. In all experiments, recall was higher for concrete than abstract words that were drawn;no such effect was found for words produced. Results suggest that drawing facilitates memory by enhancing semantic elaboration, whereas the production benefit is largely perceptually based. Importantly, the memory benefit conferred by drawing at encoding, unlike production, cannot be explained by a distinctiveness account as it was relatively unaffected by study design.

关键词： encoding techniques drawing production memory enhancement pure list mixed list

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Age differences in effectiveness of encoding techniques on memory

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AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024年第3期31卷 479-495页

作者： Tran, Sophia H. N. Fernandes, Myra A. A. Univ Waterloo Dept Psychol Waterloo ON Canada

We compared the effectiveness of different encoding techniques across the adult age range. Three hundred participants: 100 younger, 100 middle-aged, and 100 older adults, were asked to encode a set of visually presented concrete and abstract words. Participants were shown target words one at a time, along with prompts (randomly and intermixed, within-subject) to either silently read, read aloud, write, or draw a picture of the target, for a duration of 10-seconds each. On a later free recall test, participants were given 2-minutes to type all the words they could remember from the encoding phase. Across age groups, we showed that drawing, writing, and reading aloud as encoding techniques yielded better memory than silently reading words, with drawing leading to the largest boost. While memory performance did decrease as age increased, it interacted with the encoding technique. Of note, there were no differences in memory performance in middle-aged compared to young adults. Importantly, age differences in memory emerged only when drawing was used as the encoding strategy, in line with previously reported age-related deficits in generating imagery, or integrating it with motoric processes. Despite this, concrete relative to abstract words that were drawn or written during encoding were better retained, regardless of age, suggesting these techniques facilitate formation of age-invariant visuo-spatial representations. Our findings suggest that whether age differences in memory emerge depends on the strategy used at encoding, and the type of information being encoded.

关键词： encoding techniques drawing production aging memory enhancement

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Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on encoding techniques

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2021年 70卷

作者： Aparicio-Esteve, Elena Hernandez, Alvaro Urena, Jesus Univ Alcala Elect Dept Alcala De Henares 28801 Madrid Spain

Optical indoor positioning systems have experienced an increasing research interest during the last decade as they can provide 3-D centimeter accuracy using light emitting diode (LED) lighting. In the case of having several LEDs emitting simultaneously and a receiver (e.g., the tag to be localized), these systems face important challenges, such as very high dynamic ranges with low signal-to-noise ratios when the coverage area is increased, multiple access interference (MAI), multipath and near-far effects, calibration issues (misalignments in the receiver and other intrinsic parameters), and so on. Previous work have already shown the feasibility of using LED emitters in combination with quadrature angular diversity aperture (QADA) receivers to implement positioning systems. This work further introduces new design considerations, tested on an experimental setup, to enlarge the emitter-receiver range, thus increasing the total coverage, while dealing with the aforementioned challenges. The system applies encoding techniques to each transmitter to solve the multiple access problem. The performance of two different types of codes has been compared, as well as their influence on the final estimation of the receiver's position: one based on Kasami sequences and another based on loosely synchronous (LS) codes, derived from complementary sets of sequences. At the receiver, the estimation of the incident point is constrained to angles at which the system can be linearized, and a specific calibration process for this type of sensor has also been defined and applied. The proposal has been finally validated with simulated and experimental results in a large space of 2 x 2 m(2) (base), with a distance from transmitters to receiver of 3.4 m (height). The experimental tests at distances up to 4 m, carried out after the calibration process, achieve average absolute errors below 10 cm for X and Y axes and around 20 cm for Z axis, and standard deviations below 4 cm for X and Y axes,

关键词： encoding techniques indoor 3-D local positioning systems (LPS) infrared sensors quadrature angular diversity aperture (QADA) receiver

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encoding High-Dimensional Procedure Codes for Healthcare Fraud Detection

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SN Computer Science 2022年第5期3卷 1-15页

作者： Johnson, Justin M. Khoshgoftaar, Taghi M. Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton FL United States

Machine learning applications for healthcare are reshaping the industry with new tools and services designed to improve the quality of patient care. A challenge common to many of these applications is encoding healthcare procedure codes, a high-cardinality categorical variable containing thousands of unique values. Traditional one-hot encoding techniques produce sparse binary vectors that drastically increase the size of data sets. Aggregation methods compress data to lower dimensions using summary statistics but risk forfeiting valuable information from predictive models. We compare these encoding techniques for healthcare procedure codes using two Medicare fraud classification data sets and five popular machine learning algorithms to determine how the inclusion of procedure codes affects classification performance. Next, LightGBM’s and CatBoost’s built-in methods for categorical feature handling are compared to Hcpcs2Vec embeddings, which are distributed representations of procedures that encode semantic similarities. Statistical tests show that the inclusion of the procedure code feature significantly improves performance when a one-hot representation is not used. The Hcpcs2Vec and LightGBM encoding techniques consistently perform best and second best, respectively, and outperform the one-hot and aggregate encoding methods. Feature importance measures and embedding visualizations show that the Hcpcs2Vec encodings capture key semantic qualities of procedure codes and increase the importance of the procedure code variable by an order of magnitude. These qualities make the Hcpcs2Vec procedure code embeddings appropriate for future works in healthcare. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

关键词： Big data encoding techniques Fraud detection Healthcare Machine learning Semantic embeddings

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Drawing compared to writing in a diary enhances recall of autobiographical memories

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AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023年第3期30卷 455-471页

作者： Tran, Sophia H. N. Beech, Isaac Fernandes, Myra A. Univ Waterloo Dept Psychol Waterloo ON Canada

Drawing at encoding has been shown to improve later recall of to-be-remembered words, pictures, and academic terms, compared to when one simply writes out the target information. Here we examined whether drawing in a diary, compared to writing in it, differentially improved later memorability of personal autobiographical events, and whether aging influenced the magnitude of this effect. Thirty younger and thirty older adults were given a diary booklet, and instructed to use it to reminisce about a random daily event of their choosing, on 12 days within a two-week period. They recorded the event on each day in one of two ways, counterbalanced within-subject: by writing about or by drawing a picture of the event. Participants also generated a keyword descriptor for each event. After the two-week period, participants were cued using their keyword descriptors to recall each autobiographical memory by writing it down. Self-reported match accuracy, between reminisced and recalled events was tabulated. Across age groups, match accuracy was significantly higher for those drawn than written during the reminiscing phase. In addition, we compared the word count, level of detail, visual imagery, and point of view of the recalled memories. Self-reports of the level of detail in the recalled memory were better maintained for events drawn compared to written during the reminiscing stage, and better maintained in older than younger adults. Our findings suggest the use of drawing, while reminiscing within a diary format, enhances accuracy and quality of later recollections.

关键词： Autobiographical memory encoding techniques drawing aging memory enhancement

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Design rule development for frequency-coded chipless radiofrequency identification with high capacity

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IET MICROWAVES ANTENNAS & PROPAGATION 2019年第8期13卷 1255-1261页

作者： Chen, Yen-Sheng Jiang, Tong-Yang Lai, Fei-Peng Natl Taipei Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn Taipei 10608 Taiwan

Recently, considerable attention has arisen over the frequency-coded chipless radiofrequency identification (RFID), but there is no general consensus on the system specification scheme including encoding techniques, resonators with narrowband and harmonic-rejected features, and a frequency spectrum used. The purpose of this study is to develop the design rules that improve the capacity and reliability of the chipless RFID. The proposed system development is cast into three phases. Phase one is to determine the encoding scheme that enhances robustness. The limitation of the conventional one-bit-per-resonator approach is identified, and frequency shift encoding is designed to be the kernel of the chipless RFID. Phase two is to determine the resolution of the frequency spectrum by analysing the radar cross-section for 37 resonators. Four resonators exhibit the narrowband and harmonic-rejected features, and thus they are recommended to be implemented in the chipless tag. Phase three is to determine the specification on the frequency spectrum. For a 21-bit example system, the frequency spectrum that meets the trade-off between the broadband complexity and the size of the tag is 2.0-5.0 GHz. The proposed design rules are validated by conducting simulation and measurement.

关键词： resonators radar cross-sections radiofrequency identification encoding design rule development frequency-coded chipless radiofrequency identification system specification scheme encoding techniques resonators narrowband rejected features harmonic-rejected features frequency spectrum chipless RFID encoding scheme frequency shift encoding chipless tag 21-bit example system one-bit-per-resonator frequency 2 0 GHz to 5 0 GHz

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Performance Control of Incoherent Synchronous PPM-OCDMA Networks 2

Performance Control of Incoherent Synchronous PPM-OCDMA Netw...

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2nd IEEE Middle East and North Africa COMMunications Conference (IEEE MENACOMM)

作者： Morsy, M. A. Alsayyari, Abdulaziz S. Shaqra Univ Elect Engn Dept Al Dawadmi Ar Riyadh Saudi Arabia Shaqra Univ Comp Engn Dept Shaqra Ar Riyadh Saudi Arabia

ISBN: (纸本)9781728136875

In this paper, the structure of an incoherent synchronous optical encoding-decoding technique utilizing Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) network is introduced. Such technique is called Time Domain encoding (TDE), which is based on Optical Delay Lines (ODLs). The paper analyzes the performance of OCDMA Bit Error Rate (BER) for different new efficient OCDMA codes. These codes are namely Modified Prime Code sequences (MPCs), Padded MPCs (PMPCs), new MPCs (n-MPCs), Double Padded MPCs (DPMPCs), Enhanced MPCs (EMPCs), and Weighted MPCs (WMPCs). The BER performance is evaluated with respect to the received optical power and the number of active users. While several noise sources can affect the system performance, the paper takes in the analysis the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) as the only source of noise. Furthermore, the Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) is used as a modulation technique to improve the system capacity and control the transmission power efficiency. Additionally, the Manchester encoding technique and the MAI Cancellation (MAIC) receiver are used simultaneously to enhance the BER performance. Finally, the results showed that the system BER performance is enhanced by controlling the pulse duration using the WMPC, and that the utilized WMPC sequence outperforms all the other MPCs family.

关键词： optical networks encoding techniques PPM-OCDMA BER MAI WMPC

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Assessing encoding techniques through Correlation-Based Metrics

Assessing Encoding Techniques through Correlation-Based Metr...

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11th IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA)

作者： Armano, Giuliano Tamponi, Emanuele Univ Cagliari Dept Elect & Elect Engn Cagliari Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9780769549132;9781467346511

The performance of a classification system depends on various aspects, including encoding techniques. In fact, encoding techniques play a primary role in the process of tuning a classifier/predictor, as choosing the most appropriate encoder may greatly affect its performance. As of now, evaluating the impact of an encoding technique on a classification system typically requires to train the system and test it by means of a performance metric deemed relevant (e.g., precision, recall, and Matthews correlation coefficients). For this reason, assessing a single encoding technique is a time consuming activity, which introduces some additional degrees of freedom (e.g., parameters of the training algorithm) that may be uncorrelated with the encoding technique to be assessed. In this paper, we propose a family of methods to measure the performance of encoding techniques used in classification tasks, based on the correlation between encoded input data and the corrisponding output. The proposed approach provides correlation-based metrics, devised with the primary goal of focusing on the encoding technique, leading other unrelated aspects apart. Notably, the proposed technique allows to save computational time to a great extent, as it needs only a tiny fraction of the time required by standard methods.

关键词： supervised learning correlation metrics performance encoding techniques classification prediction

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Enhanced encoding techniques for the Open Trace Format 2

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Procedia Computer Science 2012年 9卷 1979-1987页

作者： Michael Wagner Andreas Knupfer Wolfgang E. Nagel

Highly effcient encoding of event trace data is a quality feature of any event trace format. It not only enables measurements of long running applications but also reduces bias caused by intermediate memory buffer flushes. In this paper we present encoding techniques that will remarkably increase memory effciency without introducing overhead for the compression. We applied these techniques to the Open Trace Format 2, a state-of-the-art Open Source event trace data format and library used by the performance analysis tools Vampir, Scalasca, and Tau. In addition, we show that these encoding techniques are a basic step in achieving a complete in-memory event trace work flow.

关键词： encoding techniques Compression Event Tracing Trace Format OTF2

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