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Improv: An Input Framework for Improvising Cross-Device Interaction by Demonstration

ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-HUMAN INTERACTION 2017年第2期24卷 1–21页

作者： Chen, Xiang 'Anthony' Li, Yang Carnegie Mellon Univ Human Comp Interact Inst 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Google Res 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy Mountain View CA 94043 USA

As computing devices become increasingly ubiquitous, it is now possible to combine the unique capabilities of different devices or Internet of Things to accomplish a task. However, there is currently a high technical barrier for creating cross-device interaction. This is especially challenging for end users who have limited technical expertise-end users would greatly benefit from custom cross-device interaction that best suits their needs. In this article, we present Improv, a cross-device input framework that allows a user to easily leverage the capability of additional devices to create new input methods for an existing, unmodified application, e.g., creating custom gestures on a smartphone to control a desktop presentation application. Instead of requiring developers to anticipate and program these cross-device behaviors in advance, Improv enables end users to improvise them on the fly by simple demonstration, for their particular needs and devices at hand. We showcase a range of scenarios where Improv is used to create a diverse set of useful cross-device input. Our study with 14 participants indicated that on average it took a participant 10 seconds to create a cross-device input technique. In addition, Improv achieved 93.7% accuracy in interpreting user demonstration of a target UI behavior by looking at the raw input events from a single example.

关键词： Cross-device interaction end-user programming programming by demonstration gesture-based interaction input framework

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Augmenting objects at home through programmable sensor tokens: A design journey

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES 2019年 122卷 211-231页

作者： Bellucci, Andrea Vianello, Andrea Florack, Yves Micallef, Luana Jacucci, Giulio Univ Carlos III Madrid Getafe Spain Aalto Univ Espoo Finland Univ Helsinki Helsinki Finland

end-user development for the home has been gaining momentum in research. Previous works demonstrate feasibility and potential but there is a lack of analysis of the extent of technology needed and its impact on the diversity of activities that can be supported. We present a design exploration with a tangible end-user toolkit for programming smart tokens embedding different sensing technologies. Our system allows to augment physical objects with smart tags and use trigger-action programming with multiple triggers to define smart behaviors. We contribute through a field-oriented study that provided insights on (i) household's activities as emerging from people's lived experience in terms of high-level goals, their ephemerality or recurrence, and the types of triggers, actions and interactions with augmented objects, and (ii) the programmability needed for supporting desired behaviors. We conclude that, while trigger action covers most scenarios, more advanced programming and direct interaction with physical objects spur novel uses.

关键词： end-user programming Smart home Do-it-yourself toolkits Trigger-action programming Physical interaction

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A crowdsourcing method to develop virtual human conversational agents

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES 2012年第4期70卷 301-319页

作者： Rossen, Brent Lok, Benjamin Univ Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA

Educators in medicine, psychology, and the military want to provide their students with interpersonal skills practice. Virtual humans offer structured learning of interview skills, can facilitate learning about unusual conditions, and are always available. However, the creation of virtual humans with the ability to understand and respond to natural language requires costly engineering by conversation knowledge engineers (generally computer scientists), and incurs logistical cost for acquiring domain knowledge from domain experts (educators). We address these problems using a novel crowdsourcing method entitled Human-centered Distributed Conversational Modeling. This method facilitates collaborative development of virtual humans by two groups of end-users: domain experts (educators) and domain novices (students). We implemented this method in a web-based authoring tool called Virtual People Factory. Using Virtual People Factory, medical and pharmacy educators are now creating natural language virtual patient interactions on their own. This article presents the theoretical background for Human-centered Distributed Conversational Modeling, the implementation of the Virtual People Factory authoring tool, and five case studies showing that Human-centered Distributed Conversational Modeling has addressed the logistical cost for acquiring knowledge. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Virtual humans Agents and intelligent systems Human-centered computing Distributed knowledge acquisition end-user programming

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Identification, Impact, and Refactoring of Smells in Pipe-Like Web Mashups

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2013年第12期39卷 1654-1679页

作者： Stolee, Kathryn T. Elbaum, Sebastian Iowa State Univ Dept Comp Sci Ames IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Ames IA 50011 USA Univ Nebraska Dept Comp Sci Lincoln NE 68588 USA

With the emergence of tools to support visual mashup creation, tens of thousands of users have started to access, manipulate, and compose data from web sources. We have observed, however, that mashups created by these users tend to suffer from deficiencies that propagate as mashups are reused, which happens frequently. To address these deficiencies, we would like to bring some of the benefits of software engineering techniques to the end users creating these programs. In this work, we focus on identifying code smells indicative of the deficiencies we observed in web mashups programmed in the popular Yahoo! Pipes environment. Through an empirical study, we explore the impact of those smells on the preferences of 61 users, and observe that a significant majority of users prefer mashups without smells. We then introduce refactorings targeting those smells. These refactorings reduce the complexity of the mashup programs, increase their abstraction, update broken data sources and dated components, and standardize their structures to fit the community development patterns. Our assessment of a sample of over 8,000 mashups shows that smells are present in 81 percent of them and that the proposed refactorings can reduce the number of smelly mashups to 16 percent, illustrating the potential of refactoring to support the thousands of end-users programming mashups. Further, we explore how the smells and refactorings can apply to other end-user programming domains to show the generalizability of our approach.

关键词： end-user software engineering end-user programming web mashups refactoring code smells empirical studies

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user-INTERFACE SPECIFICATION USING AN ENHANCED SPREADSHEET MODEL

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON GRAPHICS 1994年第3期13卷 209-239页

作者： HUDSON, SE Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta

This paper describes a new interactive environment for user interface specification which is based on an enhanced spreadsheet model of computation. This environment allows sophisticated graphical user interfaces with dynamic feedback to be implemented with little or no explicit programming. Its goal is to support user interface specification by nonprogramming experts in human factors, visual design, or the application domain. In addition, the system is designed to allow sophisticated end-users to modify and customize their own interfaces. The system is based on a data flow model of computation. This model is presented to the interface designer in the form of a spreadsheet enhanced with new constructs for easier programming and reuse. These constructs include an improved interactive programming environment, a prototype-instance-based inheritance system, support for composition, abstraction, and customization using indirect references, the addition of support for graphical inputs and outputs, and support for the encapsulation of application data structures and routines within system objects.

关键词： AUTOMATIC DISPLAY UPDATE CONSTRAINT SYSTEMS DIRECT MANIPULATION end-user programming INTERFACE BUILDERS PROTOTYPE-INSTANCE-BASED INHERITANCE SEMANTIC FEEDBACK user INTERFACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PROGRAMMATIC INTERFACES FOR INTEGRATION OF DIVERSE WEB CONTENTS

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING 2013年第10期23卷 1487-1511页

作者： Guo, Junxia Han, Hao Beijing Univ Chem Technol Coll Informat Sci & Technol Beijing 100029 Peoples R China Kanagawa Univ Fac Sci Dept Informat Sci Hiratsuka Kanagawa 2591293 Japan

The technology that integrates various types of Web contents to build a new Web application through end-user programming is widely used nowadays. However, the Web contents do not have a uniform interface for accessing the data and computation. Most of the general Web users access information on the Web through applications until now. Hence, designing a uniform and flexible programmatic interface for integration of different Web contents is unavoidable. In this paper, we propose an approach that can be used to analyze Web applications automatically and reuse the information of Web applications through the programmatic interface we designed. Our approach can support the flexible integration of Web applications, Web services and Web feeds. In our experiments, we use a large number of Web pages from different types of Web applications and achieve the integration by the proposed programmatic interfaces. The experimental results show that our approach brings to the end-users a flexible and user-friendly programming environment.

关键词： Programmatic interface integration Web application Web service partial information extraction end-user programming

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Engaging end-user driven recommender systems: personalization through web augmentation

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2021年第5期80卷 6785-6809页

作者： Wischenbart, Martin Firmenich, Sergio Rossi, Gustavo Bosetti, Gabriela Kapsammer, Elisabeth Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Linz Austria Univ Nacl La Plata Lab Invest & Formac Informat Avanzada LIFIA La Plata Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn La Plata Argentina Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Dept Cooperat Informat Syst CIS Linz Austria

In the past decades recommender systems have become a powerful tool to improve personalization on the Web. Yet, many popular websites lack such functionality, its implementation usually requires certain technical skills, and, above all, its introduction is beyond the scope and control of end-users. To alleviate these problems, this paper presents a novel tool to empower end-users without programming skills, without any involvement of website providers, to embed personalized recommendations of items into arbitrary websites on client-side. For this we have developed a generic meta-model to capture recommender system configuration parameters in general as well as in a web augmentation context. Thereupon, we have implemented a wizard in the form of an easy-to-use browser plug-in, allowing the generation of so-called user scripts, which are executed in the browser to engage collaborative filtering functionality from a provided external rest service. We discuss functionality and limitations of the approach, and in a study with end-users we assess the usability and show its suitability for combining recommender systems with web augmentation techniques, aiming to empower end-users to implement controllable recommender applications for a more personalized browsing experience.

关键词： Web augmentation Visual programming Client-side personalization end-user programming end-user development Controllability of recommender systems Browser-side trans-coding

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Extending software through metaphors and metonymies

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KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS 2001年第1-2期14卷 15-27页

作者： Barbosa, SDJ de Souza, CS Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Tecgraf Comp Sci Dept BR-22453900 Rio De Janeiro Brazil

This article is about applications that can be customized or extended through their own user interface. This is achieved by the interface's ability to interpret users' non-literal expressions, namely metaphorical and metonymic ones. Such increased interpretive intelligence depends on static and dynamic models of the domain and application, from which new figurative meanings are abducted automatically or semiautomatically. The system performs controlled modifications on the underlying models, based on inferences it draws about users' intentions as they produce figurative utterances. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： end-user programming metaphor metonymy abductive reasoning interfaces for knowledge-based systems semiotic engineering

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The Internet-of-Things: Reflections on the past, present and future from a user-centered and smart environment perspective

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JOURNAL OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE AND SMART ENVIRONMENTS 2019年第1期11卷 45-69页

作者： Chin, Jeannette Callaghan, Vic Ben Allouch, Somaya Anglia Ruskin Univ Sch Comp & Informat Sci Cambridge England Univ Essex Sch Comp Sci & Elect Engn Colchester Essex England Amsterdam Univ Appl Sci Digital Life Ctr Amsterdam Netherlands

This paper introduces the Internet-of-Things (IoT) and describes its evolution from a concept proposed by Kevin Ashton in 1999 through its public emergence in 2005 in a United Nations ITU report entitled "The Internet of Things", to the present day where IoT devices are available as off-the-shelf products from major manufacturers. Using a systematic study of public literature, the paper presents a five-phase categorisation of the development of the Internet-of-Things from its beginnings to the present day. Four mini case studies are included to illustrate some of the issues involved. Finally, the paper discusses some of the big issues facing future developers and marketers of Internet-of-Things based products ranging from artificial intelligence (AI) through to customer privacy and acceptance finishing with an optimistic assessment of the future of the Internet-of-Things.

关键词： Internet-of-Things end-user programming smart environments web appliances personalisation big data ubiquitous computing artificial intelligence acceptance trust privacy innovation user-centric

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Composing high-level stream processing pipelines

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JOURNAL OF BIG DATA 2020年第1期7卷 1-28页

作者： Mahapatra, Tanmaya Tech Univ Munich Inst Med Informat Stat & Epidemiol IMedIS Sch Med Ismaninger Str 22 D-81675 Munich Germany Tech Univ Munich Software & Syst Engn Res Grp Boltzmannstr 03 D-85748 Garching Germany

The growing number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices provide a massive pool of sensing data. However, turning data into actionable insights is not a trivial task, especially in the context of IoT, where application development itself is complex. The process entails working with heterogeneous devices via various communication protocols to co-ordinate and fetch datasets, followed by a series of data transformations. Graphical mashup tools, based on the principles of flow-based programming paradigm, operating at a higher-level of abstraction are in widespread use to support rapid prototyping of IoT applications. Nevertheless, the current state-of-the-art mashup tools suffer from several architectural limitations which prevent composing in-flow data analytics pipelines. In response to this, the paper contributes by (i) designing novel flow-based programming concepts based on the actor model to support data analytics pipelines in mashup tools, prototyping the ideas in a new mashup tool called aFlux and providing a detailed comparison with the existing state-of-the-art and (ii) enabling easy prototyping of streaming applications in mashup tools by abstracting the behavioural configurations of stream processing via graphical flows and validating the ease as well as the effectiveness of composing stream processing pipelines from an end-user perspective in a traffic simulation scenario.

关键词： Flow-based programming Graphical pipelines Mashup tools Graphical stream processing Stream analytics end-user programming Data Analytics as a Service (DAaaS) Data Analytics Applications (DAAs)

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