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On some end-user programming constructs and their understandability

JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2018年 142卷 206-222页

作者： Mackowiak, Michal Nawrocki, Jerzy Ochodek, Miroslaw Poznan Univ Tech Fac Comp Inst Comp Sci Ul Piotrowo 2 PL-60965 Poznan Poland

Context: end-user programming is becoming more and more important. However, existing programming paradigms and the languages based on them seem far-removed from what end-user programmers would need, especially in the area of Management Information. Objective: To evaluate the understandability of a set of programming constructs based on the spreadsheet metaphor from the point of view of end-user programmers in the context of Management Information. The examined set comprises single assignment with exemplary computations, data-driven iterations, selection by colours, and read-write heads (we refer to this as Board programming). Method: A series of experiments was performed with students of Management Engineering, split into an experimental group and a control group. Each participant was given a piece of code expressed either with the proposed programming construct (experimental group) or its classical counterpart (control group). Their task was to predict the results. For the purpose of evaluation, the FACT indicators of understandability (First attempt failure rate, Attempt number, Cancellation ratio, prediction Time) were proposed and measured. Results: Three of the four examined features, i.e. single assignment with exemplary computations, data driven iterations, and read-write heads, proved to increase understandability of the chosen programs with regard to three out of the four FACT indicators, and these results were statistically significant. Selection by colours was not as effective as expected: the FACT indicator values were improved by that feature, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The described programming constructs appear to be an interesting option when designing an end-user programming language for domain experts in the field of Management Information. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： end-user programming Code understanding Spreadsheets

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Framework for end-user programming of Cross-Smart Space Applications

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SENSORS 2012年第11期12卷 14442-14466页

作者： Palviainen, Marko Kuusijarvi, Jarkko Ovaska, Eila VTT Tech Res Ctr Finland FIN-02044 Espoo Finland VTT Tech Res Ctr Finland FIN-90571 Oulu Finland

Cross-smart space applications are specific types of software services that enable users to share information, monitor the physical and logical surroundings and control it in a way that is meaningful for the user's situation. For developing cross-smart space applications, this paper makes two main contributions: it introduces (i) a component design and scripting method for end-user programming of cross-smart space applications and (ii) a backend framework of components that interwork to support the brunt of the RDFScript translation, and the use and execution of ontology models. Before end-user programming activities, the software professionals must develop easy-to-apply Driver components for the APIs of existing software systems. Thereafter, end-users are able to create applications from the commands of the Driver components with the help of the provided toolset. The paper also introduces the reference implementation of the framework, tools for the Driver component development and end-user programming of cross-smart space applications and the first evaluation results on their application.

关键词： end-user programming cross-smart space applications application framework

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Participatory Design and end-user programming for Human-Robot Interaction 22

Participatory Design and End-User Programming for Human-Robo...

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17th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

作者： Senft, Emmanuel Porfirio, David Winkle, Katie Univ Wisconsin Dept Comp Sci Madison WI USA KTH Royal Inst Technol Div Robot Percept & Learning Stockholm Sweden

ISBN: (数字)9781665407311

ISBN: (纸本)9781665407311

The Participatory Design and end-user programming for Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) workshop aims to advance research on how to design systems that can be used by end users to program robots. There tends to be a fracture in HRI between the technical designers of robot programs (often engineers or computer scientists) and the actual users of such robots. Developers have the capabilities to program robots but often lack insights possessed by domain experts, sometimes leading to technically interesting but impractical systems. With this workshop, we aim to bridge two different methods often used individually within the wider HRI community to involve end users in robot program design: Participatory Design (PD) and end-user programming (EUP). Both methods empower end users to co-produce robots addressing real-world needs. However, there have been limited opportunities to unite researchers who specialize in these areas and engage in mutual learning. We will address this shortcoming with a full-day workshop, which will put the PD and EUP communities in touch, inviting speakers from both sides and welcoming a wide range of publications from describing new end-user programming methods to compiling insights learned from conducting participatory design studies.

关键词： end-user programming Human-Robot Interaction Personalization Participatory Design

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On the Impact of Social Network Information Diversity on end-user programming Productivity: A Foraging-Theoretic Study 8

On the Impact of Social Network Information Diversity on End...

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8th International Workshop on Social Software Engineering (SSE)

作者： Jin, Xiaoyu Niu, Nan Wagner, Michael Univ Cincinnati Dept Elect Engn & Comp Syst Cincinnati OH 45221 USA Cincinnati Childrens Hosp Med Ctr Div Biomed Informat Cincinnati OH USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450343978

Social network information (SNI) plays an important role in providing hints to help facilitate daily software engineering tasks, especially for end-user programmers. Social information foraging theory quantitatively predicts the effect of diversity of hints on productivity. In this paper, we explore how to best leverage this theoretical prediction to support software change tasks. Specifically, we analyze the data from an observational study involving 20 bioinfonnatics researchers using SM to solve software change tasks. We further classify the SM support by using 5 diversity categories: social network type (e.g., wiki, Q&A, etc.), contributor role (e.g., core, marginal, etc.), number of contributors, information needs concerning software architecture, and information needs organized by complexity. Our results show that the contributor role best manifests the hint diversity, and its incorporation with architectural considerations could further improve productivity. Our research offers principled guidelines for supporting better use of SNI in end-user programming.

关键词： end-user programming diversity of hints social network information social information foraging theory

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ProgramAlly: Creating Custom Visual Access Programs via Multi-Modal end-user programming 24

ProgramAlly: Creating Custom Visual Access Programs via Mult...

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37th ACM Annual Symposium on user Interface Software and Technology (UIST)

作者： Herskovitz, Jaylin Xu, Andi Alharbi, Rahaf Guo, Anhong Univ Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798400706288

Existing visual assistive technologies are built for simple and common use cases, and have few avenues for blind people to customize their functionalities. Drawing from prior work on DIY assistive technology, this paper investigates end-user programming as a means for users to create and customize visual access programs to meet their unique needs. We introduce ProgramAlly, a system for creating custom filters for visual information, e.g., 'find NUMBER on BUS', leveraging three end-user programming approaches: block programming, natural language, and programming by example. To implement ProgramAlly, we designed a representation of visual filtering tasks based on scenarios encountered by blind people, and integrated a set of on-device and cloud models for generating and running these programs. In user studies with 12 blind adults, we found that participants preferred different programming modalities depending on the task, and envisioned using visual access programs to address unique accessibility challenges that are otherwise difficult with existing applications. Through ProgramAlly, we present an exploration of how blind end-users can create visual access programs to customize and control their experiences.

关键词： Accessibility Assistive technology Do-it-yourself end-user programming Blind Visual impairment Design

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Goal-Oriented end-user programming of Robots 24

Goal-Oriented End-User Programming of Robots

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19th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

作者： Porfrio, David Roberts, Mark Hiatt, Laura M. US Naval Res Lab Washington DC 20375 USA

ISBN: (数字)9798400703225

ISBN: (纸本)9798400703225

end-user programming (EUP) tools must balance user control with the robot's ability to plan and act autonomously. Many existing task-oriented EUP tools enforce a specifc level of control, e.g., by requiring that users hand-craft detailed sequences of actions, rather than ofering users the fexibility to choose the level of task detail they wish to express. We thereby created a novel EUP system, Polaris, that in contrast to most existing EUP tools, uses goal predicates as the fundamental building block of programs. users can thereby express high-level robot objectives or lower-level checkpoints at their choosing, while an of-the-shelf task planner flls in any remaining program detail. To ensure that goal-specifed programs adhere to user expectations of robot behavior, Polaris is equipped with a Plan Visualizer that exposes the planner's output to the user before runtime. In what follows, we describe our design of Polaris and its evaluation with 32 human participants. Our results support the Plan Visualizer's ability to help users craft higher-quality programs. Furthermore, there are strong associations between user perception of the robot and Plan Visualizer usage, and evidence that robot familiarity has a key role in shaping user experience.

关键词： human-robot interaction end-user programming task planning

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Programmable design environments: Integrating end-user programming with domain-oriented assistance

Programmable design environments: Integrating end-user progr...

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CHI 94 Conference - Human Factors in Computing Systems: Celebrating Interdependence

作者： EISENBERG, M FISCHER, G UNIV COLORADO DEPT COMP SCIBOULDERCO 80309

ISBN: (纸本)0201765578

Programmable design environments (PDEs) are computational environments that integrate the conceptual frameworks and components of (a) design environments and (b) programmable applications. The integration of these two approaches provides elements (such as software 'critics' and 'query-able objects') that assist users in learning both the application and its domain;in addition, an interactive 'application-enriched' end-user programming environment stresses the values of expressiveness and modifiability. By way of illustration, we present a newly-developed programmable design environment, SchemeChart, for the domain of charting and information displays.

关键词： PROGRAMMABLE DESIGN ENVIRONMENTS end-user programming PROGRAMMABLE APPLICATIONS DOMAIN-ORIENTED DESIGN ENVIRONMENTS CRITICS

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Clinical Documentation as end-user programming 20

Clinical Documentation as End-User Programming

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CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)

作者： Rule, Adam Goldstein, Isaac H. Chiang, Michael F. Hribar, Michelle R. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ Med Informat & Clin Epidemiol Portland OR 97201 USA Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ Casey Eye Inst Portland OR 97201 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450367080

As healthcare providers have transitioned from paper to electronic health records they have gained access to increasingly sophisticated documentation aids such as custom note templates. However, little is known about how providers use these aids. To address this gap, we examine how 48 ophthalmologists and their staff create and use content-importing phrases - a customizable and composable form of note template - to document office visits across two years. In this case study, we find 1) content-importing phrases were used to document the vast majority of visits (95%), 2) most content imported by these phrases was structured data imported by data-links rather than boilerplate text, and 3) providers primarily used phrases they had created while staff largely used phrases created by other people. We conclude by discussing how framing clinical documentation as end-user programming can inform the design of electronic health records and other documentation systems mixing data and narrative text.

关键词： end-user programming electronic health record text input

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A System for Human-Robot Teaming through end-user programming and Shared Autonomy 24

A System for Human-Robot Teaming through End-User Programmin...

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19th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

作者： Hagenow, Michael Senft, Emmanuel Radwin, Robert Gleicher, Michael Zinn, Michael Mutlu, Bilge MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA Idiap Res Inst Martigny Switzerland Univ Wisconsin Madison Madison WI USA

ISBN: (数字)9798400703225

ISBN: (纸本)9798400703225

Many industrial tasks-such as sanding, installing fasteners, and wire harnessing-are difcult to automate due to task complexity and variability. We instead investigate deploying robots in an assistive role for these tasks, where the robot assumes the physical task burden and the skilled worker provides both the high-level task planning and low-level feedback necessary to efectively complete the task. In this article, we describe the development of a system for fexible human-robot teaming that combines state-of-the-art methods in end-user programming and shared autonomy and its implementation in sanding applications. We demonstrate the use of the system in two types of sanding tasks, situated in aircraft manufacturing, that highlight two potential workfows within the human-robot teaming setup. We conclude by discussing challenges and opportunities in human-robot teaming identifed during the development, application, and demonstration of our system.

关键词： Human-robot teaming end-user programming shared autonomy

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CharIoT: An end-user programming environment for the IoT 17

CharIoT: An end-user programming environment for the IoT

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7th International Conference on the Internet of Things

作者： Tomlein, Matus Boovaraghavan, Sudershan Agarwal, Yuvraj Dey, Anind K. Aarhus Univ Aarhus Denmark Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450353182

Despite the breadth of related work, enabling end-users of varying technical ability to leverage sensor data to control their Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled installations remains a challenge. This work proposes a unified interface that provides three building blocks to support the end-user configuration of IoT environments: capturing higher-level events in the installation through virtual sensors, construction of automation rules with a visual overview of the current configuration and support for sharing configuration between end-users using a recommendation mechanism.

关键词： end-user programming visual programming

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