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programming constraints by demonstration

JOURNAL OF VISUAL LANGUAGES AND COMPUTING 2003年第1期14卷 79-96页

作者： Hattori, T Keio Univ Fac Environm Informat Kanagawa 2528520 Japan

The executable constraint is proposed to offer designers a way to define a new set of constraints on top of an editing tool. It aims mainly to maintain the integrity of data structures such as diagrams that users create, during an edit session. When a part of the structure is modified by a user, the computer modifies other parts as a consequence of the user's instructions given in advance. Executable constraints are sequences of editing operations whose fixed points give relations to be maintained. They are constructed from primitive editing operations by demonstration to avoid textual form of expression, so that non-programmers can define new relations. Priority and condition are introduced to cope with over-constrained or conditional situations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： programming by demonstration constraint constraint solving end-user programming extensible editor

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DIY Digital Interventions: Behaviour Change with Trigger-Action programming

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Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2024年第MHCI期8卷 1-28页

作者： Scott, Ava Elizabeth Reicherts, Leon Purohit, Aditya Kumar Hossain, Elahi Stefanidi, Evropi Wagener, Nadine Schöning, Johannes Rogers, Yvonne Holzer, Adrian University College London London United Kingdom GmbH Bochum Germany University of Bremen Bremen Germany University of St. Gallen St. Gallen Switzerland University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland

Whether it is sleep, diet, or procrastination, changing behaviours can be challenging. Individuals could design and build their own personalised digital interventions to help them reach their goals, but little is known about this process. Building upon previous research we propose the Behaviour Change with Trigger-Action programming (BC-TAP) model which describes how individuals could bridge the gap between their current and desired behaviour through the creation of 'Do-It-Yourself' (DIY) digital interventions. We conducted a two-day participatory workshop based on the BC-TAP model with 28 participants. Participants articulated plans to change a behaviour of their choice and represented these plans in mobile device automations. After using their interventions for up to three weeks, participants reflected on their experience. Our findings report opportunities and challenges at each stage of the process. While formulating a digital proxy for certain behaviours was challenging, both failures and successes facilitated participants' awareness of their behaviour, and their ability to change it. © 2024 Owner/Author.

关键词： automations behaviour change computational thinking end-user programming implementation intentions self-reflection trigger-action programming wellbeing

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Integrating learning supports into the design of visual programming systems

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL LANGUAGES AND COMPUTING 2001年第5期12卷 501-524页

作者： DiGiano, C Kahn, K Cypher, A Smith, DC SRI Int Ctr Technol Learning Menlo Pk CA 94025 USA Animated Programs San Carlos CA 94070 USA Stagecast Software Inc Burlingame CA 94010 USA

The success of a programming system depends as much on the learnability of its language concepts as the usability of its interface. We argue that learnability can be significantly improved by integrating into the programming system learning supports that allow individuals to educate themselves about the syntax, semantics and applications of a language. Reflecting on our experience with developing novice programming systems, we identify infrastructural characteristics of such systems that can make the integration of learning supports practical. We focus on five core facilities: annotatability, scriptability monitorability, supplementability and constrainability. Our hope is that our examination of these technical facilities and their tradeoffs can inform the design of future programming systems that better address the educational needs of their users. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

关键词： programming systems learning instructional design end-user programming visual programming programming by example

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Towards programming in Natural Language: Learning New Functions from Spoken Utterances

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEMANTIC COMPUTING 2020年第2期14卷 249-272页

作者： Weigelt, Sebastian Steurer, Vanessa Hey, Tobias Tichy, Walter F. Karlsruhe Inst Technol Inst Program Struct & Data Org Karlsruhe Germany

Systems with conversational interfaces are rather popular nowadays. However, their full potential is not yet exploited. For the time being, users are restricted to calling predefined functions. Soon, users will expect to customize systems to their needs and create own functions using nothing but spoken instructions. Thus, future systems must understand how laypersons teach new functionality to intelligent systems. The understanding of natural language teaching sequences is a first step toward comprehensive end-user programming in natural language. We propose to analyze the semantics of spoken teaching sequences with a hierarchical classification approach. First, we classify whether an utterance constitutes an effort to teach a new function or not. Afterward, a second classifier locates the distinct semantic parts of teaching efforts: declaration of a new function, specification of intermediate steps, and superfluous information. For both tasks we implement a broad range of machine learning techniques: classical approaches, such as Naive Bayes, and neural network configurations of various types and architectures, such as bidirectional LSTMs. Additionally, we introduce two heuristic-based adaptations that are tailored to the task of understanding teaching sequences. As data basis we use 3168 descriptions gathered in a user study. For the first task convolutional neural networks obtain the best results (accuracy: 96.6%);bidirectional LSTMs excel in the second (accuracy: 98.8%). The adaptations improve the first-level classification considerably (plus 2.2% points).

关键词： programming in natural language natural language understanding end-user programming conversational interfaces spoken language understanding natural language processing computational linguistics naturalistic programming machine learning neural networks intelligent systems artificial intelligence

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Gneiss: spreadsheet programming using structured web service data

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL LANGUAGES AND COMPUTING 2017年 39卷 41-50页

作者： Chang, Kerry Shih-Ping Myers, Brad A. Carnegie Mellon Univ Human Comp Interact Inst Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

Web services offer a more reliable and efficient way to access online data than scraping web pages. However, interacting with web services to retrieve data often requires people to write a lot of code. Moreover, many web services return data in complex hierarchical structures that make it difficult for people to perform any further data manipulation. We developed Gneiss, a tool that extends the familiar spreadsheet metaphor to support using structured web service data. Gneiss lets users retrieve or stream arbitrary JSON data returned from web services to a spreadsheet using interaction techniques without writing any code. It introduces a novel visualization that represents hierarchies in data using nested spreadsheet cells and allows users to easily reshape and regroup the extracted structured data. Data flow is two-way between the spreadsheet and the web services, enabling people to easily make a new web service call and retrieve new data by modifying spreadsheet cells. We report results form a user study that showed that Gneiss helped spreadsheet users use and analyze structured data more efficiently than Excel and even outperform professional programmers writing code. We further use a set of examples to demonstrate our tool's ability to create reusable data extraction and manipulation programs that work with complex web service data. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Spreadsheet Mashup end-user programming

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Practical Trigger-Action programming in the Smart Home 14

Practical Trigger-Action Programming in the Smart Home

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32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)

作者： Ur, Blase McManus, Elyse Ho, Melwyn Pak Yong Littman, Michael L. Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Brown Univ Providence RI 02912 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450324731

We investigate the practicality of letting average users customize smart-home devices using trigger-action ("if, then") programming. We find trigger-action programming can express most desired behaviors submitted by participants in an online study. We identify a class of triggers requiring machine learning that has received little attention. We evaluate the uniqueness of the 67,169 trigger-action programs shared on *** , finding that real users have written a large number of unique trigger-action interactions. Finally, we conduct a 226-participant usability test of trigger-action programming, finding that inexperienced users can quickly learn to create programs containing multiple triggers or actions.

关键词： end-user programming Home Automation Smart Home Internet of Things Condition-Action programming

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ESPranto SDK: an Adaptive programming Environment for Tangible Applications 09

ESPranto SDK: an Adaptive Programming Environment for Tangib...

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27th Annual CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

作者： van Herk, Robert Verhaegh, Janneke Fontijn, Willem Philips Research Europe Eindhoven Netherlands Serious Toys Eindhoven Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781605582467

This paper describes the ESPranto Software Development Kit, which supports the development of sensor/actuator based applications, most notably educational toys and games. It enables non-technical users, such as parents, teachers, game developers and psychologists, to specify applications by themselves. The SDK allows them to start off quickly with developing simple applications. Then, as their programming skills increase with experience, the SDK supports them to create more complex applications. This is achieved by offering a. complete tool chain with one, consistent programming paradigm. Each link is a separate tool offering a tailored amount of flexibility and complexity. To ensure that users can understand the feedback the SDK provides them, it is given in terms of the tool currently used. Furthermore, by preventing runtime errors, a user can be sure a program will work correctly if it compiles. We validated the ESPranto SDK partially by tests, but mainly by monitoring users applying the SDK. In practice the ESPranto SDK indeed proved to meet its design goals for all of its intended users.

关键词： end-user programming software development kit reactive programming tangible interaction

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programming IN THE MODEL Combining task and tool in computer-aided design

PROGRAMMING IN THE MODEL <i>Combining task and tool in compu...

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15th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA)

作者： Maleki, Maryam M. Woodbury, Robert F. Simon Fraser Univ Sch Interact Arts & Technol Surrey BC Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9789881902610

programming takes designers away from typical domainand task-based interfaces such as three-dimensional modellers. It thus imposes additional cognitive load on the already challenging design task. programming in the model is a system design strategy that embeds the act of programming in a 3D CAD model. This paper presents the argument for programming in the model and two user interface constructs that support such programming.

关键词： end-user programming scripting visual programming direct manipulation

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Making the Intelligent Home Smart Through Touch-Control Trigger-Action programming

Making the Intelligent Home Smart Through Touch-Control Trig...

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International 360 Degree Summit on Applications for Future Internet (AFI360)

作者： Wang, Guan Littman, Michael L. Brown Univ Providence RI 02912 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783319496221;9783319496214

We introduces a new UI model of Trigger-Action programming (TAP), that allows users to program through touch-control interfaces to create complicated tasks easily. We present three different user interfaces (UI), for each user interface, we analyze its advantages, limitations, and potential utility. We explain how our UIs can mitigate the problems of TAP caused by ambiguity and demonstrate why our UIs will benefit people without programming backgrounds.

关键词： Trigger-action programming Touch-control interface Smart home end-user programming

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Application of visual programming to Web mash up development 1

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12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI International 2007)

作者： Lim, Seung Chan Lowe, Sandi Koempel, Jeremy MAYA Design 2730 Sydney St Building 2 Suite 300 Pittsburgh PA 15203 USA

ISBN: (数字)9783540731054

ISBN: (纸本)9783540731047

The ongoing adoption of the latest Web development patterns such as AJAX is helping to enhance the user experience on the Web. Moreover, there is now API-based support from various vendors that allow seamless fusion of disparate data sources into a single application. However, the barrier for Web designers to integrate such features into their Web applications remains high. This hampers a wider proliferation of such novel Web applications. In this paper, we conduct an experiment to see whether visual programming is appropriate for allowing Web designers integrate the aforementioned features. For the experiment, we have developed a prototype, tentatively named WIPER that allows Web designers to incorporate pre-built JavaScript components into live Web pages using drag-and-drop. We combined rapid revision with usability testing to iteratively advance our prototype. Working with users, we have learned that with some targeted refinements, visual programming paradigm can be very effective in achieving our goal.

关键词： visual programming dataflow architecture JavaScript rapid prototyping end-user programming

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