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Radiation Environment-Constrained FPGA Reinforcement Technology and Reliability Research Utilizing error control coding

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 74737-74750页

作者： Zhang, Dongliang Wu, Wenchen Shanghai Univ Elect Power Coll Automat Engn Shanghai 200090 Peoples R China Shanghai Key Lab Power Stn Automat Technol Shanghai 200090 Peoples R China

In the radiation work environment of nuclear power plants and similar facilities, radiation can induce Single Event Upsets (SEUs) and even Multiple Bit Upsets (MBUs) in Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and related devices. The hardware reinforcement techniques for FPGAs have strict material requirements and high costs, making implementation challenging. In contrast, FPGA software reinforcement techniques utilize error control coding to strengthen FPGA memory and combine with FPGA dynamic reconfiguration technology to reinforce the encoding and decoding modules. In this study, a BRAM fault injection experimental system is designed using Vivado to compare the reinforcement measures such as Hamming code, interleaved Hamming code, interleaved cyclic code, BCH code, and triple modular redundancy. Mathematical methods are employed to calculate their reliability performance indicators. The conclusion is that BCH (31,16,3) code exhibits the highest reliability, consumes the most resources, and can correct all errors of three bits or fewer. On the other hand, matrix interleaved code (28,16) can address the majority of MBUs, correcting all burst errors of four bits or fewer and some sporadic errors while utilizing relatively fewer resources.

关键词： Codes Field programmable gate arrays Encoding Decoding Polynomials Random access memory Power generation Reliability Field-programmable gate array error control coding interleaving BCH code reliability

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SYNCHRONOUS FIBEROPTIC CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS NETWORKS WITH error control coding

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ELECTRONICS LETTERS 1992年第23期28卷 2118-2120页

作者： WU, JH WU, J TSAI, CN Nat. Taiwan Univ. Taipei Taiwan

For a fibre-optic synchronous code division multiple access (S/CDMA) network, the number of users able to simultaneously utilise the network is a major concern. A theoretical analysis of the S/CDMA network employing error control codes to enhance the reliability of the network and to increase the number of concurrent users is presented. The error probabilities for both the uncoded and coded systems are analysed. The example shows that by using a (63, 36) BCH code the influence of interference arising from other users can be greatly reduced and the number of active users can also be increased significantly.

关键词： FIBEROPTIC NETWORKS error control coding

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ON-OFF error control coding Scheme for Minimizing Tracking error in Wireless Feedback control Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS 2015年第6期11卷 1411-1421页

作者： Hattori, Shingo Kobayashi, Kentaro Okada, Hiraku Katayama, Masaaki Nagoya Univ Grad Sch Engn Nagoya Aichi 4648603 Japan Nagoya Univ Inst Mat & Syst Sustainabil Nagoya Aichi 4648603 Japan

In wireless feedback control systems, reducing packet loss is critical. The use of channel codingmay decrease such packet loss;however, redundancy in channel coding also decreases the packet transmission rate although the bit rate remains the same. Thus, control systems are highly affected by disturbances. To improve control system quality, channel coding should be adaptively employed on the basis of packet loss and disturbances. Herein, an ON-OFF error control coding scheme based on the communication and control layers is proposed. In this scheme, channel coding is adaptively used to minimize tracking errors in a controlled plant. Results demonstrate that the proposed ON-OFF error control coding scheme improves the control system's reference tracking performance compared with that when using a fixed-rate coding scheme.

关键词： Disturbance error control coding feedback control networked control packet loss wireless control

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Improving reliability of non-volatile memory technologies through circuit level techniques and error control coding

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EURASIP JOURNAL ON ADVANCES IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 2012年第1期2012卷 1-24页

作者： Yang, Chengen Emre, Yunus Cao, Yu Chakrabarti, Chaitali Arizona State Univ Sch Elect Comp & Energy Engn Tempe AZ 85287 USA

Non-volatile resistive memories, such as phase-change RAM (PRAM) and spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), have emerged as promising candidates because of their fast read access, high storage density, and very low standby power. Unfortunately, in scaled technologies, high storage density comes at a price of lower reliability. In this article, we first study in detail the causes of errors for PRAM and STT-RAM. We see that while for multi-level cell (MLC) PRAM, the errors are due to resistance drift, in STT-RAM they are due to process variations and variations in the device geometry. We develop error models to capture these effects and propose techniques based on tuning of circuit level parameters to mitigate some of these errors. Unfortunately for reliable memory operation, only circuit-level techniques are not sufficient and so we propose error control coding (ECC) techniques that can be used on top of circuit-level techniques. We show that for STT-RAM, a combination of voltage boosting and write pulse width adjustment at the circuit-level followed by a BCH-based ECC scheme can reduce the block failure rate (BFR) to 10(-8). For MLC-PRAM, a combination of threshold resistance tuning and BCH-based product code ECC scheme can achieve the same target BFR of 10(-8). The product code scheme is flexible;it allows migration to a stronger code to guarantee the same target BFR when the raw bit error rate increases with increase in the number of programming cycles.

关键词： MLC PRAM STT-RAM Circuit level techniques error control coding Block failure rate

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Stability issues in error control coding in the complex field, interpolation, and frame bounds

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IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS 2000年第3期7卷 57-59页

作者： Ferreira, PJSG Univ Aveiro Dept Elect & Telecomunicacoes IEETA P-3810193 Aveiro Portugal

We give bounds for the eigenvalues and condition number of a matrix, with applications to error control coding in the complex field, spectrum analysis, the missing data problem, interpolation, and the determination of... 详细信息

关键词： condition number eigenvalues error control coding frame bounds frames interpolation numerical stability real codes

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Reliability comparison of transmit/receive diversity and error control coding in low-power medium access control protocols

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IET NETWORKS 2014年第4期3卷 284-292页

作者： Ghamari, Mohammad Heravi, Behzad Momahed Roedig, Utz Honary, Bahram Univ Lancaster Sch Comp & Commun Lancaster LA1 4WA Lancs England

Low-power medium access control (MAC) protocols used for communication of energy constraint wireless embedded devices do not cope well with situations where transmission channels are highly erroneous. Existing MAC protocols discard corrupted messages which lead to costly retransmissions. To improve transmission performance, it is possible to include an error correction scheme and transmit/receive diversity. It is possible to add redundant information to transmitted packets in order to recover data from corrupted packets. It is also possible to make use of transmit/receive diversity via multiple antennas to improve error resiliency of transmissions. Both schemes may be used in conjunction to further improve the performance. In this study, the authors show how an error correction scheme and transmit/receive diversity can be integrated in low-power MAC protocols. Furthermore, the authors investigate the achievable performance gains of both methods. This is important as both methods have associated costs (processing requirements;additional antennas and power) and for a given communication situation it must be decided which methods should be employed. The authors' results show that, in many practical situations, error control coding outperforms transmission diversity;however, if very high reliability is required, it is useful to employ both schemes together.

关键词： telecommunication network reliability telecommunication power management access protocols wireless channels error correction codes reliability comparison transmit-receive diversity error control coding low power medium access control protocols MAC protocols energy constraint wireless embedded devices transmission channels error correction scheme multiple antennas

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The Interplay Between error control coding and Iterative Signal Cancelation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 2017年第11期65卷 3020-3031页

作者： Schlegel, Christian Burnashev, Marat V. Dalhousie Univ NSERC Ultra Marine Digital Commun Ctr Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada Russian Acad Sci Inst Problems Informat Transmiss Moscow 119991 Russia

The application of error control coding (ECC) algorithms to iterative signal cancelation systems is examined. It is shown that in such "turbo" equalization, or cancelation systems, the role of ECC codes extends beyond the mere goal of minimizing error rates. In an iterative cancelation system, the soft-output ECC algorithm has to guarantee convergence of the iterative process, as well as to establish target BERs at that convergence point. Bounds for the output symbol error variance of a general ECC are presented, and ECC systems are examined which approach these bounds in the low SNIR regime and therefore can tolerate the highest level of interference. Guidelines on how to evaluate ECC codes for use in cancelation systems are developed, and near-optimal code choices are discussed. It is shown that such iterative "turbo" equalizers with suitable ECC codes can achieve the capacity of the channel in the case of isotropic random interference, such as arises in certain multiple access and multiple-input multiple-output systems.

关键词： error control coding iterative processing turbo equalization iterative cancelation interference cancelation

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A Unified error control coding Scheme to Enhance the Reliability of a Hybrid Wireless Network-on-Chip

A Unified Error Control Coding Scheme to Enhance the Reliabi...

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IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)

作者： Ganguly, Amlan Pande, Partha Belzer, Benjamin Nojeh, Alireza Rochester Inst Technol Dept Comp Engn Rochester NY 14623 USA Washington State Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Pullman WA USA Univ British Columbia Dept Elect & Comp Engn Vancouver BC Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545561

Hybrid wireless Network-on-Chip (NoC) has emerged as an alternative to the traditional multi-hop wireline NoC to achieve higher performance and low energy dissipation in on-chip data transfer. However, introduction of on-chip wireless links lowers the overall reliability of the data communication fabric. In this paper we propose a unified error control coding (ECC) mechanism which can be effectively used to restore the reliability of a Wireless NoC (WiNoC). We demonstrate that with carefully designed ECC schemes in the WiNoC it is possible to achieve high gains in performance due to the wireless links while maintaining comparable reliability as that of a traditional wireline NoC.

关键词： Network-on-Chip error control coding Wireless Interconnects

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error resilient MPEG-2 video coding schemes based on three layer error control coding

Error resilient MPEG-2 video coding schemes based on three l...

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8th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology

作者： Bae, C Lee, J Chung, V ETRI PostPC Platform Res Team Taejon 305350 South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)8955191294

This paper proposes a new error resilient MPEG-2 video coding scheme based on the TLECC (Three Layer error control coding) techniques using information hiding. We embed the watermark signal into intra frames using a DCT-based algorithm, which shows very reliable outcome under noises and attacks. Meanwhile, we have implemented the DEMV (Data Embedding in Motion Vector) algorithm for inter frames. In the decoder, we apply TLECC scheme to find embedded signal and corrupted position. Experimental results demonstrate that DCT-based algorithm and DEMV algorithm for normal video like "Foreman" are strong and reliable. ECC (error control coding) is further incorporated into the watermarking scheme. Two different ECC methods such as BCH and RS codes have been implemented and experimented. All these codes have the error correction capability up to 10% or 25%. We have done various noise recovery experiments, which show good recovery results under distributed noises.

关键词： error control coding information hiding watermarking error resilient video coding

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Energy-aware error control coding for Flash Memories 09

Energy-aware Error Control Coding for Flash Memories

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46th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC 2009)

作者： Papirla, Veera Chakrabarti, Chaitali Arizona State Univ Tempe AZ 85287 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605584973

The use of Flash memories in portable embedded systems is ever increasing. This is because of the multi-level storage capability that makes them excellent candidates for high density memory devices. However, cost of writing or programming Flash memories is an order of magnitude higher than traditional memories. In this paper, we design an algorithm to reduce both average write energy and latency in Flash memories. We achieve this by reducing the number of expensive '01' and '10' bit-patterns during error control coding. We show that the algorithm does not change the error correction capability and moreover improves endurance. Simulations results on representative bit-stream traces show that the use of the proposed algorithm saves, on average, 33% of write energy and 31% of latency of Intel MLC NOR Flash memory, and improves the endurance by 24%.

关键词： Flash memories error control coding Low-power design Endurance

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