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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY 2024年 5卷 2585-2685页

作者： Rowshan, Mohammad Qiu, Min Xie, Yixuan Gu, Xinyi Yuan, Jinhong Univ New South Wales Sch Elect Engn & Telecommun Sydney NSW 2052 Australia

Channel coding plays a pivotal role in ensuring reliable communication over wireless channels. With the growing need for ultra-reliable communication in emerging wireless use cases, the significance of channel coding has amplified. Furthermore, minimizing decoding latency is crucial for critical-mission applications, while optimizing energy efficiency is paramount for mobile and the Internet of Things (IoT) communications. As the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications is currently in operation and 5G-advanced is on the horizon, the objective of this paper is to assess prominent channel coding schemes in the context of recent advancements and the anticipated requirements for the sixth generation (6G). In this paper, after considering the potential impact of channel coding on key performance indicators (KPIs) of wireless networks, we review the evolution of mobile communication standards and the organizations involved in the standardization, from the first generation (1G) to the current 5G, highlighting the technologies integral to achieving targeted KPIs such as reliability, data rate, latency, energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, connection density, and traffic capacity. Following this, we delve into the anticipated requirements for potential use cases in 6G. The subsequent sections of the paper focus on a comprehensive review of three primary coding schemes utilized in past generations and their recent advancements: low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, turbo codes (including convolutional codes), and polar codes (alongside Reed-Muller codes). Additionally, we examine alternative coding schemes like Fountain codes (also known as rate-less codes), sparse regression codes, among others. Our evaluation includes a comparative analysis of error correction performance and the performance of hardware implementation for these coding schemes, providing insights into their potential and suitability for the upcoming 6G era. Lastly, we will briefly explore consider

关键词： Codes 5G mobile communication 3GPP 6G mobile communication Reliability Iterative decoding 3G mobile communication Channel coding error control coding error correction codes wireless mobile communications 5th generation 5G 6th generation 6G encoding decoding channel polarization polar codes PAD codes monomial codes CRC low-density parity-check codes LDPC codes convolutional codes turbo codes spatially coupled codes fountain codes spinal codes raptor codes Luby transform codes LT codes lattice codes nonbinary codes sparse regression codes SPARC machine learning neural codes neural decoding successive cancellation decoding beleif propagation decoing Message Passing Decoding BCJR decoding iterative decoding Viterbi decoding Fano decoding automorphism ensemble decoding min-sum algorithm bit-flipping PPV bound normal approximation coded modulation bit-interleaving puncturing shortening repetition ratecompatible codes application layer channel coding physical layer waveform non-terrestrial networks free space optical links modulation block error rate BLER frame error rate FER reliability latency complexity enhanced mobile broadband eMBB machine-type communications MTC ultra-reliable low-latency URLLC key performance indicator KPI hardware architecture waveform design

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Probability to achieve TSC goal

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 1996年第4期45卷 450-460页

作者： Lo, JC Fujiwara, E TOKYO INST TECHNOL DEPT COMP SCITOKYO 152JAPAN

In this paper we propose a probabilistic measure for self-checking (SC) circuits that is analogous to reliability of fault-tolerant systems. This measure is defined as the probability to achieve totally self-checking (TSC) goal at the tth cycle: TSCG(I). TSCG provides insight to the worst case dynamic behavior of SC circuits with respect to the application environment and component failure rates. TSCG surpasses the TSC definitions in determining the applicability of a circuit in a given application environment. An SC circuit achieves TSC goal when no erroneous information or data is propagated beyond the boundary of this circuit. TSCG is therefore the probability that this fault confinement mechanism is intact. The SC properties are obtained through adding hardware redundancy to the original digital design. Which means that an SC circuit has a higher failure rate than the original circuit. Further, there are tradeoffs between the level of hardware redundancy, the reliability, and the TSCG. We give several examples in this paper to clearly demonstrate these tradeoffs for different design environments. The proposed probability measure allows designers to choose from cost-effective SC designs that are suitable for their specifications. We emphasize that the TSCG is intended to provide a mean of dynamic error handling performance evaluation of SC designs. The TSC definitions and alike are still intact, since a cost-effective SC circuit must begin with a TSC circuit. The TSCG gives confidence in the use of cost-efficient error control codes and/or reduction in error handling capability. Analogous to reliability, the TSCG can be used in product specifications. This is a crucial step toward the practical applications of TSC or CED circuits.

关键词： concurrent error detection embedded circuits error control coding failure rate fault modeling probabilistic measure physical layout for testability

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COMMENTS ON THE DEcoding ALGORITHMS OF DBEC-TBED REED-SOLOMON CODES

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 1992年第2期41卷 244-247页

作者： KOKSAL, FZ YUCEL, MD MIDDLE E TECH UNIV DEPT ELECT & ELECTR ENGNANKARATURKEY

Two decoding algorithms for DBEC-TBED Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are implemented by using Turbo-Pascal high-level language in a personal computer system. The first one is the noniterative decoding algorithm developed by Deng-Costello. The second one is a frequency-domain RS decoding method which implements standard Berlekamp-Massey (B-M) algorithm and it is used as reference. Several executions of the developed software show that the algorithm of Deng-Costello fails in the detection of some triple-byte errors, whereas the standard reference algorithm succeeds in detection always. In this correspondence we present an example in which the algorithm of Deng-Costello cannot detect a triple-error pattern. We also propose a modification to the algorithm of Deng-Costello for its proper operation, and make a comparison between two algorithms.

关键词： BERLEKAMP-MASSEY DEcoding ALGORITHM BYTE error CORRECTION AND DETECTION error control coding GALOIS FIELD OPERATIONS REED-SOLOMON CODES

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Measurements and analysis of SER-tolerant latch in a 90-nm dual-V_T CMOS process

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2004年第9期39卷 1536-1543页

作者： Hazucha, P Karnik, T Walstra, S Bloechel, BA Tschanz, JW Maiz, J Soumyanath, K Dermer, GE Narendra, S De, V Borkar, S Intel Corp Hillsboro OR 97124 USA

We designed a soft error rate (SER) tolerant latch utilizing local redundancy. We implemented a test chip containing both the standard and SER-tolerant latches in a 90-nm dual-V-T CMOS process. Accelerated measurements with a neutron beam at Los Alamos National Laboratory demonstrated 10 x better reliability of the SER-tolerant latch over the standard latch at no speed degradation. The worst case energy and area penalties were 39% and 44%, respectively. Both the energy and area penalties are negligible for standard-latch transistor sizes at least double the minimum width. We analyzed the effects of the recovery time, threshold voltage assignment, and leakage on the SER robustness. The proposed latch can improve reliability of critical sequential logic elements in microprocessors and other circuits.

关键词： error control coding radiation hardened latch reliability single event upset soft error rate soft errors

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Multiplexed coding for Multiple Streams With Different Decoding Delays

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 2018年第6期64卷 4365-4378页

作者： Badr, Ahmed Lui, Devin Khisti, Ashish Tan, Wai-Tian Zhu, Xiaoqing Apostolopoulos, John Univ Toronto Dept Elect & Comp Engn Toronto ON M5S 3G4 Canada SSIMWave Inc Waterloo ON N2L 3K8 Canada Manulife Ctr Toronto ON M4W 1A5 Canada Cisco Syst Chief Technol & Architecture Off San Jose CA 95134 USA

We consider a communication setup where two source streams with different decoding deadlines, must be simultaneously transmitted over a single channel subjected to burst erasures. The encoder multiplexes the two source streams into a single stream of channel-packets. The decoder must recover the two source streams sequentially by their corresponding deadlines. One of the streams, the urgent stream, has a smaller delay than the other stream. We study the capacity region for such a setting for a certain range of system parameters. We divide the system into three different cases based on the relative values of the delays. For each case we provide achievability and converse bounds, which match under certain conditions. Our proposed coding scheme involves a careful construction of the parity check packets by jointly coding across the two streams despite different deadlines. Interestingly it is possible to transmit the urgent stream at a certain positive rate even when the sum rate equals the capacity associated with the less urgent stream. A separation based approach where we apply separate single-stream codes to each stream is suboptimal. Although our capacity results assume a simplistic channel model with a single erasure burst, we further demonstrate that our proposed code constructions also provide significant performance gains in simulations over statistical channel models with random bursts.

关键词： error control coding network information theory streaming communication system low latency communication convolutional codes

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Design and analysis of the communication protocol for TSOINet

Design and analysis of the communication protocol for TSOINe...

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Conference on Optical Interconnects for Telecommunication and Data Communications

作者： Jing, WC Tian, JD Zhou, G Zhang, YM Liu, W Li, HF Zhang, N Tianjin Univ Coll Precis Instrument & Optoelect Engn Key Lab Optoelect Informat Tech Sci EMC Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)0819438960

In this paper, a communication protocol has been designed for the two-layer scalable optical interconnection network (TSOINet) designed in Tianjin University. The communication protocol has been designed based on TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/internet protocol) protocol. But it is more efficient than TCP/IP for data transmission in TSOINet. An auxiliary channel has been introduced in TSOINet for transmission of the communication status messages among the sub-layer rings. Many network management functions, such as flow control, hand shaking, etc., can be achieved via the auxiliary channel, so the communication overheads can be decreased. The performance of the communication protocol has been evaluated compared to TCP/IP protocol for data transmission in TSOINet.

关键词： error control coding Data transmission Signal detection Data communications Detector arrays Networks Network architectures Optical interconnects Optical communications Optical networks

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ATM in wireless networks? Sooner than you think

ATM in wireless networks? Sooner than you think

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Conference on Wireless Technologies and Services for Cellular and Personal Communication Services

作者： Maison, T STEINBRECHER CORP BURLINGTONMA 01803

ISBN: (纸本)0819419664

There is no doubt about it: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) traffic will soon connect to the wireless network. Its characteristics are very well adapted to provide a well-balanced mix of voice and data communications. The question here is where will adaptation layers be processed? Should the Wireless Carrier be burdened with converting ATM-based traffic in other interfaces such as Cellular Digital Packet Data, a solution leading to multiple and possibly unmanageable gateway functions? Or should an Air Interface be developed to carry ATM traffic? Pushing ATM adaptation layers closer to the point of consumption of voice, data or video holds many advantages. This paper attempts to shine some light on the subject.

关键词： Asynchronous transfer mode Networks Switches Data communications error control coding Time division multiplexing Computing systems Human-machine interfaces Video Virtual colonoscopy

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A wireless-sensor scoring and training system for combative sports

A wireless-sensor scoring and training system for combative ...

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Conference on Smart Structures, Devices, and Systems II

作者： Partridge, K Hayes, JP James, D Hill, C Gin, G Hahn, A CRC Microtechnol Hawthorn Vic 3122 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)0819456098

Although historically among the most popular of sports, today, combative sports are often viewed as an expression of our savage past. Of primary concern are the long term effects of participating in these sports on the health of participants. The scoring of such sports has also been the subject of much debate, with a panel of judges making decisions about very quick events involving large sums of prize money. This paper describes an electronic system for use primarily in the sport of boxing, though it is suitable for martial arts such as karate and taekwondo. The technology is based on a previously described sensor platform [I] and integrates a network of sensors on the athlete's head, body and hands. Using a Bluetooth network, physical contacts are monitored in near real-time or post event on a remote computer to determine legal hits and hence derivative measures like scoring and final outcomes. It is hoped that this system can be applied to reduce the need for full contact contests as well as provide a more reliable method of determining the outcome of a bout. Other benefits presented here include the ability to analyse an athletes performance post match or training session, such as assessing the efficacy of training drills and effects of fatigue.

关键词： Sensors Ferroelectric polymers Injuries Legal Target detection Data acquisition Head error control coding Sensor networks Wireless communications

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A joint coded two-step multiuser detection scheme for MIMO OFDM system

A joint coded two-step multiuser detection scheme for MIMO O...

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32nd IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing

作者： Zhang, Li Sellathurai, Mathini Chambers, Jonathon A. Cardiff Univ Ctr Digital Signal Proc Cardiff CF24 3AA S Glam Wales

ISBN: (纸本)1424407281

Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) communication is an effective scheme to improve wireless communication performance of multiuser applications. However, reliable communication in multiuser systems is affected by the presence of both multi-access interference (MAI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI) in multi-path channels. In this paper, we therefore investigate a transceiver design for a wideband multiuser-MIMO communication system, where the co-channel users are equipped with multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas. In particular, we propose a two-step interference cancellation scheme with an error correction coding technique for the receiver of a multiuser uplink system. The scheme employs orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation and space-time block codes (STBC). The receiver performs as a soft output multiuser detector based on minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) interference suppression at the first stage, an then, MAI cancellation is implemented with a bank of single-user channel decoders. The paper also includes computer simulations which help to improve the understanding of specific issues involved in the design of multiuser STBC-OFDM systems, and confirm the utility of the proposed approach.

关键词： multiuser detection MIMO-OFDM MAI interference cancellation error control coding

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General Purpose Representation and Association Machine Part 4: Improve Learning for Three-states and Multi-tasks

General Purpose Representation and Association Machine Part ...

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IEEE SoutheastCon

作者： Li, Huihui Wei, Lei Univ Cent Florida Dept Elect & Comp Engn Orlando FL 32816 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479900534;9781479900527

In this paper, we continue our journey on how to use simple LDPC codes to build a GPRAM prototype. We examine a switch function in the system which will allow us to perform revision in code structures in the GPRAM prototype in future. In this study we focus on how to improve learning for three-state systems;how to learn using perfect codewords;and finally how to perform progressive learning methods to perform multi-tasks. We start to see that many interesting features begin to merge and some of them may have bio-implications which need to be explored further.

关键词： Intelligent Machine error control coding General Purpose Systems

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