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Self-Checking Look-up Tables using Scalable error detection coding (SEDC) Scheme

JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE 2013年第5期13卷 415-422页

作者： Lee, Jeong-A Siddiqui, Zahid Ali Somasundaram, Natarajan Lee, Jeong-Gun Hallym Univ Dept Comp Engn Chunchon 200702 Gangwon South Korea

In this paper, we present Self-Checking look-up-table (LUT) based on Scalable error detection coding (SEDC) scheme for use in fault-tolerant reconfigurable architectures. SEDC scheme has shorter latency than any other existing coding schemes for all unidirectional error detection and the LUT execution time remains unaffected with self-checking capabilities. SEDC scheme partitions the contents of LUT into combinations of 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-bit segments and generates corresponding check codes in parallel. We show that the proposed LUT with SEDC performs better than LUT with traditional Berger as well as Partitioned Berger coding schemes. For 32-bit data, LUT with SEDC takes 39% less area and 6.6 times faster for self-checking than LUT with traditional Berger coding scheme.

关键词： Self-checking circuit error detection coding unidirectional transient errors look-up table reconfigurable architecture

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LIMITATIONS OF error-detection coding AT HIGH error RATES

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1971年第3-4期118卷 409-&页

作者： RALPHS, JD Diplomatic Wireless Service Foreign and Commonwealth Office Crowborough UK

The paper seeks to justify the contention that the efficiency of error-detection-coding techniques is frequently overestimated owing to insufficient appreciation of the interaction between the characteristics of the code and those of the signalling channel itself. The redundancy of an error-detection code (e.d.c.) requires an increase in modulation rate, and this causes an increase in element error rate due to reduction in normalised signal/noise ratio. On h.f. radio circuits, ionospheric effects can cause even greater increases, and current interleaving and convolution techniques only recoup a small proportion of the disadvantage. It is shown that, in many cases, these factors can outweigh the correcting capabilities of current codes. Comparison of various binary codes and the Piccolo m.f.s.k. system suggests that, where circumstances are such that extremely low error rates are not essential, a nonredundant unprotected code may be comparable in availability with an e.d.c., and Piccolo would probably be an improvement.

关键词： Radio links and equipment binary codes comparison error detection codes signal detection limitations at high error rates radio links Codes signal processing error detection coding

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error-detection-coding-aided iterative hard decision interference cancellation for MIMO systems with HARQ

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KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2018年第3期12卷 1016-1030页

作者： Park, Sangjoon Wonkwang Univ Dept Informat & Commun Engn Iksan 54538 Jeonbuk South Korea

In this paper, an error-detection-coding-aided iterative hard decision interference cancellation (EDC-IHIC) scheme for multiple-input multiple-output systems employing hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) for multi-packet transmission is developed and investigated. In the EDC-IHIC scheme, only packets identified as error-free by the EDC are submitted to the interference cancellation (IC) stage for cancellation from the received signals. Therefore, the possibility of error propagation, including inter-transmission error propagation, can be eliminated using EDC-IHIC. Because EDC must be implemented in systems that employ HARQ to determine packet retransmission, error propagation can be prevented without the need for additional redundancy. The results of simulations conducted herein verify that the EDC-IHIC scheme outperforms conventional hard decision IC schemes in terms of the packet error rate in various environments.

关键词： MIMO systems hybrid ARQ hard decision interference cancellation error detection coding

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Huffman code based error screening and channel code optimization for error concealment in Perceptual Audio coding (PAC) algorithms

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING 2002年第3期48卷 193-206页

作者： Laneman, JN Sundberg, CEW Faller, C Bell Labs Lucent Technol Multimedia Commun Res Lab Murray Hill NJ 07974 USA

The class of Perceptual Audio coding (PAC) algorithms yields efficient and high-quality stereo digital audio bitstreams at bit rates from 16 kb/sec to 128 kb/sec (and even higher bit rates). To avoid "pops and clicks" in the decoded audio signals due to erasure or undetected errors from transmission over unreliable channels, e.g., in the context of digital audio broadcasting (DAB), channel error detection combined with source error concealment, or source error mitigation, techniques are preferred to pure channel error correction. One simple and efficient way to perform channel error detection is to employ a high-rate block code;for example, the preferred solution for hybrid in-band on-channel (HIBOC) DAB in the FM band employs a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code. Several joint, source-channel coding issues arise in this framework because PAC contains a fixed-to-variable source coding component in the form of Huffman codes, so that the output audio packets are of varying length. We explore two such issues in this paper. First, we develop methods for screening for undetected channel errors in the audio decoder by looking for inconsistencies between the number of bits decoded by the Huffman decoder and the number of bits in the packet as specified by control information within the bitstream. We evaluate this scheme by means of simulations of Bernouli sources and real audio data encoded by PAC, both exposed to random bit errors as well as errors that pass undetected through a CRC decoder. Considerable reduction in undetected errors is obtained with little extra processing in the receiver and with little or no increase in the transmitted bit rate. Second, we consider several configurations for the channel error detection codes, in particular CRC codes, by means of representative simulations and informal listening tests, for several audio coder bit rates of interest in DAB. One configuration employs a fixed-rate, fixed-blocklength code of optimized length outside the PAC

关键词： conformance testing digital audio broadcasting error detection coding Huffman codes source coding

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Signal Shaping for Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation on the AWGN Channel

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2010年第12期58卷 3428-3435页

作者： Cronie, Harm S. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

In this paper a coded modulation method for the additive white Gaussian noise channel is presented which incorporates signal shaping. The scheme uses a modulation map to map bits to channel inputs. A modulation map is considered that has the advantage it is can easily be combined with binary error-correcting codes. The decoding strategy is a combination of bit-interleaved coded modulation and multistage decoding. The number of required decoding stages is only small compared to other multistage decoding schemes for coded modulation. It is shown that modulation maps can be designed with a constrained capacity limit very close to the capacity of the AWGN channel. When combined with low-density parity-check codes, simulation results show that a near-capacity performance is achieved for high spectral efficiencies.

关键词： Gaussian channels signal shaping modulation error detection coding bit-interleaved coded-modulation multilevel coding

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Improving re-read strategies by waveform averaging

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 2001年第6期37卷 3969-3976页

作者： Patapoutian, A Vea, MP Maxtor Corp Shrewsbury MA 01545 USA

We present improved re-read strategies that try to recover data that would otherwise be lost. These strategies store the block samples at the detector input and average them with the samples obtained from succeeding re-reads. We evaluate the data reliability improvements of such schemes as a function of a weighting function that weights different reads with different importances, for both single and double retrials. Finally, we compare various schemes.

关键词： automatic repeat request disk drives error analysis error correction coding error detection coding system recovery

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COMPARISON OF ERASURE-AND-error THRESHOLD DEcoding SCHEMES

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 1993年第5期E76A卷 820-827页

作者： HASHIMOTO, T Univ of Electro-communications Chofu Japan

Erasure-and-error decoding is a general form of channel decoding and is a basis of important coding schemes, such as the concatenated coding scheme and coded ARQ. However, there do not exist enough discussions on the interrelationship between erasure-and-error decoding schemes. In this paper, threshold decoding schemes are discussed in a systematic manner and compared with Forney's optimal scheme. Some confusions in known results are pointed out and new results on threshold decoding are shown.

关键词： ERASURE-AND-error DEcoding THRESHOLD DEcoding error detection coding BLOCK coding

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Variable-Length Convolutional coding for Short Blocklengths With Decision Feedback

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2015年第7期63卷 2389-2403页

作者： Williamson, Adam R. Chen, Tsung-Yi Wesel, Richard D. Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Elect Engn Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Northwestern Univ Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Evanston IL 60208 USA

This paper presents a variable-length decisionfeedback coding scheme that achieves high rates at short blocklengths. This scheme uses the reliability-output Viterbi algorithm (ROVA) to determine when the receiver's decoding estimate satisfies a given error constraint. We evaluate the performance of both terminated and tail-biting convolutional codes at average blocklengths less than 300 symbols, using the ROVA and the tail-biting ROVA, respectively. Comparing with recent results from finite-blocklength information theory, simulations for both the BSC and the AWGN channel show that the reliability-based decision-feedback scheme can surpass the random-coding lower bound on throughput for feedback codes at some blocklengths less than 100 symbols. This is true both when decoding after every symbol is permitted and when decoding is limited to a small number of increments. Finally, the performance of the reliability-based stopping rule with the ROVA is compared with retransmission decisions based on CRCs. For short blocklengths where the latency overhead of the CRC bits is severe, the ROVA-based approach delivers superior rates.

关键词： Feedback communication error correction coding error detection coding convolutional codes cyclic redundancy check codes decision feedback

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Continuous error detection (CED) for reliable communication

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2001年第9期49卷 1540-1549页

作者： Anand, R Ramchandran, K Kozintsev, IV Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Berkeley CA 94720 USA Intel Corp Microcomp Res Labs Santa Clara CA 95052 USA

Block Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) codes represent a popular and powerful class of error detection techniques used almost exclusively in modern data communication systems. Though efficient, CRCs can detect errors only after an entire block of data has been received and processed. In this work, we exploit the "continuous" nature of error detection that results from. using arithmetic codes for error detection, which provides a novel tradeoff between the amount of added redundancy and the amount of time needed to detect an error once it occurs. We demonstrate how this continuous error detection framework improves the overall performance of communication systems, and show how considerable performance gains can be attained. We focus on several important scenarios: 1) automatic repeat request (ARQ) based transmission;2) forward error correction (FEC) frameworks based on (serially) concatenated coding systems involving an inner error-correction code and an outer error-detection code;and 3) reduced state sequence estimation (RSSE) for channels with memory. We demonstrate that the proposed CED framework improves the throughput of ARQ systems by up to 15% and reduces the computational/storage complexity of FEC and RSSE by a factor of two in the comparisons that we made against state-of-the-art systems.

关键词： arithmetic codes automatic repeat request decision feedback equalizers error detection coding forward error correction

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errors in Time-Series Remote Sensing and an Open Access Application for Detecting and Visualizing Spatial Data Outliers Using Google Earth Engine

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING 2019年第4期12卷 1165-1174页

作者： Peter, Brad G. Messina, Joseph P. Michigan State Univ Dept Geog Environm & Spatial Sci E Lansing MI 48823 USA Michigan State Univ Ctr Global Change & Earth Observat E Lansing MI 48823 USA

Remotely sensed measures of productivity are frequently used to characterize global agriculture and vegetated ecosystems, and are often downscaled to describe local, remote areas where finer spatial and temporal resolution data are regularly unavailable. While data errors may propagate throughout any analytical procedure, those that are missed during delivery and preliminary data mining require more attention. Here, a collection of formerly and presently available global remote sensing products are compiled to demonstrate the temporal and geographic breadth of remote sensing uncertainty. Vegetation productivity measures are invaluable for monitoring global health, but erroneous estimates that go unrecognized may result in serious policy mistakes. It is eminently clear that generalizable and accessible a priori methods for anomaly detection are lacking and urgently needed so that data errors are recognized before public delivery and before widespread use. Simple yet effective statistics such as the modified Z-score, Tukey's outliers, and Geary's C are leveraged here to identify, locate, and visualize the types of outliers that remote sensing data users may elect to omit or correct. Contributing to the growing ensemble of Google Earth Engine methodologies, we propose this generalizable method of detecting spatial outliers for remote sensing error management by users across scientific domains.

关键词： Data handling error detection coding remote sensing spatial data structures vegetation mapping

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