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Hominid cultural transmission and the evolution of language

BIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY 2004年第5期19卷 721-737页

作者： Castro, L Medina, A Toro, MA INIA SGIT Dept Mejora Genet Anim Madrid 28040 Spain St Louis Univ Fac Social Sci UNED CA MadridFac Psicol Madrid Spain

This paper presents the hypothesis that linguistic capacity evolved through the action of natural selection as an instrument which increased the efficiency of the cultural transmission system of early hominids. We suggest that during the early stages of hominization, hominid social learning, based on indirect social learning mechanisms and true imitation, came to constitute cumulative cultural transmission based on true imitation and the approval or disapproval of the learned behaviour of offspring. A key factor for this transformation was the development of a conceptual capacity for categorizing learned behaviour in value terms - positive or negative, good or bad. We believe that some hominids developed this capacity for categorizing behaviour, and such an ability allowed them to approve or disapprove of their offsprings' learned behaviour. With such an ability, hominids were favoured, as they could transmit to their offspring all their behavioural experience about what can and cannot be done. This capacity triggered a cultural transmission system similar to the human one, though pre-linguistic. We suggest that the adaptive advantage provided by this new system of social learning generated a selection pressure in favour of the development of a linguistic capacity allowing children to better understand the new kind of evaluative information received from parents.

关键词： cultural transmission evolution of language human evolution

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Grooming and group cohesion in primates: implications for the evolution of language

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evolution AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2013年第1期34卷 61-68页

作者： Grueter, Cyril C. Bissonnette, Annie Isler, Karin van Schaik, Carel P. Univ Western Australia Sch Anat Physiol & Human Biol Crawley WA 6009 Australia Univ Zurich Anthropol Inst & Museum CH-8006 Zurich Switzerland Res Grp Social Evolut Primates Courant Res Ctr Evolut Social Behav Gottingen Germany

It is well established that allogrooming, which evolved for a hygienic function, has acquired an important derived social function in many primates. In particular, it has been postulated that grooming may play an essential role in group cohesion and that human language, as verbal grooming or gossip, evolved to maintain group cohesion in the hominin lineage with its unusually large group sizes. Here, we examine this group cohesion hypothesis and test it against the alternative grooming-need hypothesis which posits that rates of grooming are higher in species where grooming need (i.e. the motivation to groom for hygiene and its associated psychological reward) is more pronounced. This alternative predicts that the derived social function of grooming evolved mostly in those lineages that had the highest exposure to ectoparasites and dirt, i.e. terrestrial species. A detailed comparative analysis of 74 species of wild primates, controlling for phylogenetic non-independence, showed that terrestriality was a highly significant predictor of allogrooming time, consistent with the prediction. The predictions of the group cohesion hypothesis were not supported, however. Group size did not predict grooming time across primates, nor did it do so in separate intrapopulation analyses in 17 species. Thus, there is no comparative support for the group-cohesion function of allogrooming, which questions the role of grooming in the evolution of human language. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Social grooming Hygiene Terrestriality Group cohesion evolution of language

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Sympathetic mouth movements accompanying fine motor movements in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with implications toward the evolution of language

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NEUROLOGICAL RESEARCH 2002年第2期24卷 174-180页

作者： Waters, GS Fouts, RS Univ New Mexico Dept Linguist Albuquerque NM 87131 USA Cent Washington Univ Chimpanzee & Human Commun Inst Ellensburg WA USA

Some theories concerning the evolution of language include a gestural stage prior to glottogenesis. These theories propose that connections observed between fine motor movements of the hands and mouth may be responsible for the transfer of human language from one that was primarily gestural to one that is spoken. The fine motor manipulation of objects by five captive chimpanzees was examined to determine whether sympathetic mouth movements accompanied fine and gross motor movements. Sympathetic mouth movements were observed significantly more often during fine motor manipulation for all five participants. A significant increase in the presence of sympathetic mouth movements was observed in behaviors along a continuum of precision of manipulation from precision grip to gross motor manipulation without prehension. The results are discussed in regard to current theories of language evolution and neurological processes.

关键词： chimpanzee evolution of language sympathetic mouth movements glottogenesis

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Parental selection of vocal behavior - Crying, cooing, babbling, and the evolution of language

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HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2006年第2期17卷 155-168页

作者： Locke, John L. CUNY Lehman Coll Dept Speech Language Hearing Sci Bronx NY 10468 USA

Although all natural languages are spoken, there is no accepted account of the evolution of a skill prerequisite to language-control of the movements of speech. If selection applied at sexual maturity, individuals achieving some command of articulate vocal behavior in previous stages would have enjoyed unusual advantages in adulthood. I offer a parental selection hypothesis, according to which hominin parents apportioned care, in part, on the basis of their infants' vocal behavior. Specifically, it is suggested that persistent or noxious crying reduced care to individuals who would have had difficulty learning complex behaviors, and that cooing and babbling increased social interaction and care as well as control over complex oral-motor activity of the sort required by spoken language. Several different tests of the hypothesis are suggested.

关键词： crying evolution of language infant speech

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Like Hand, Like Mouth: On the Role of Gesture-Linked Mouth Actions in the evolution of language

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BIOLOGICAL THEORY 2021年第2期16卷 90-101页

作者： Planer, Ronald J. Reed, Lauren W. Australian Natl Univ ARC Ctr Excellence Dynam Language Canberra ACT Australia

A number of language evolution researchers have argued that while language as we now know it is a predominately vocal affair, early language plausibly made extensive use of gesture. Relatedly, these same researchers often claim that while modern language in general uses arbitrary symbols, it is very likely that early language made extensive use of iconicity. Anyone accepting an account of early language along these lines must therefore explain how language shifted over time from a heavily gestural and iconic communication system to a predominately vocal and highly arbitrary one. This article looks at an intriguing theory advanced by Woll as to how this shift was made. We find the spirit of the theory plausible but take issue with its details. Specifically, we identify a serious tension at the core of the theory. We then go on to explore how that tension might be plausibly resolved. The result is a blueprint for a much-improved version of the theory, in our view.

关键词： Abbreviation Derivatively iconic speech sounds Echo phonology evolution of language Gesture Iconicity Imitation Mouth actions Sign language

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Scala naturae: the impact of historical values on current 'evolution of language' discourse

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JOURNAL OF language evolution 2018年第1期3卷 1-12页

作者： Ullrich, Robert Mittelbach, Moritz Liebal, Katja Free Univ Berlin Dept Educ & Psychol Comparat Dev Psychol Habelschwerdter Allee 45 D-14195 Berlin Germany Free Univ Berlin Dept Bot Ecol Plants Altensteinstr 6 D-14195 Berlin Germany

Various complaints about the consistent use of a non-epistemological 'norm of progress' (also known as 'Scala Naturae') can be found frequently in recent evolution of language and communication literature. Affiliated to earlier studies that addressed quantification of some overt indicators such as word combinations of 'highthornspecies', the current account aims to go beyond the obvious in describing the presumed phenomena. Using a mixed-methodology approach, we quantify the general use of vocabulary, range of study species, amount of 'progressionist attributes' and subsequently qualify the context of some key words. Investigating 915 peer-reviewed articles from a species-comparative evolution of language and communication discourse, we found that articles focussing on species groups historically regarded as 'high' make more use of attributes implying directed progress than otherwise. We subdivided all articles in two distinct corpora. Articles using the term 'language' or 'speech' in title, abstract or keywords were labelled 'language'. Those using other terms than language were labelled 'communication'. We could identify a more diverse focus on studied species groups and a more behaviouristic vocabulary in corpus 'communication' as compared to the corpus 'language'. Additionally, articles from the latter corpus tend to stress a narrative of human uniqueness. Our results, taken together, do not provide clear evidence for a structural and active promotion of a 'norm of progress', but hint towards historical aftermaths exercising indirect influence and worthy of further study.

关键词： meta-research evolution of language evolution of communication comparative psychology values in science

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Pleistocene exchange networks as evidence for the evolution of language

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CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2003年第1期13卷 67-81页

作者： Marwick, B Univ Western Australia Ctr Archaeol Nedlands WA 6009 Australia

Distances of raw-material transportation reflect how hominid groups gather and exchange information. Early hominids moved raw materials short distances, suggesting a home-range size, social complexity and communication system similar to primates in equivalent environments. After about 1.0 million years ago there was a large increase in raw-material transfer distances, possibly a result of the emergence of the ability to pool information by using a protolanguage. Another increase in raw-material transfer occurred during the late Middle Stone Age in Africa (after about 130,000 years ago), suggesting the operation of exchange networks. Exchange networks require a communication system with syntax, the use of symbols in social contexts and the ability to express displacement, which are the features of human language. Taking the Neanderthals as a case study, biological evidence and the results of computer simulations of the evolution of language, I argue for a gradual rather than catastrophic emergence of language coinciding with the first evidence of exchange networks.

关键词： exchange networks Neanderthals early hominids evolution of language

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The Social Trackways Theory of the evolution of language

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Biological Theory 2017年第4期12卷 195-210页

作者： Shaw-Williams, Kim Research School of Social Sciences School of Philosophy Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia

The social trackways theory (for full introduction see my previous article on the topic in Biological Theory) is centered on the remarkable 3.66 mya Laetoli Fossilized Trackways, for they incontrovertibly reveal our ancestors were already obligate bipeds with very human-like feet, and were intentionally stepping in other band members’ footprints to maintain safe footing. Trackways are unique among natural sign systems in possessing a depictive narratively generative structure, somewhat like the symbolic sign systems of gestural languages. Therefore, due to daily embodied reiteration of their own and other band member’s old footprints, both for bipedal safety and as recognizable wayfinding markers for socio-ecological navigation, incrementally our Mid-Pliocene ancestors began to acquire a cognitive capacity for episodic personal memories and episodic future simulations. They began mentally representing themselves (and others) as intentional agents continuously travelling from the past into the future. This spatially and temporally self-projecting awareness manifested itself as extra theory of mind and mental space-and-time-travel capacities, which increasingly enabled intentional or conscious, top-down executive adjustment of past behaviors for the sake of achieving better ways of doing things in the future. Future-directed behavioral and cultural adaptations began to increase fitness in all domains, thus creating powerful selective feedback for further entrenchment. Here we focus on overtly or consciously intentional exploratory wayfinding and transmission of elsewhere-and-when information, using pragmatic, discursive modes of communication, which enabled far more cooperative and efficient foraging practices. Selection for better communication thus led to intentional trail marking and the earliest emergence of more conventional/symbolic depictive and gestural “protolanguages”. © 2017, Konrad Lorenz Institute for evolution and Cognition Research.

关键词： Agential self evolution of language Extra theory of mind Mental space and time travel Observational self Pragmatic discourse

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evolution of speech and evolution of language

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PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW 2017年第1期24卷 158-162页

作者： de Boer, Bart Vrije Univ Brussel Pl Laan 2 B-1050 Brussels Belgium

Speech is the physical signal used to convey spoken language. Because of its physical nature, speech is both easier to compare with other species' behaviors and easier to study in the fossil record than other aspects of language. Here I argue that convergent fossil evidence indicates adaptations for complex vocalizations at least as early as the common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans. Furthermore, I argue that it is unlikely that language evolved separately from speech, but rather that gesture, speech, and song coevolved to provide both a multimodal communication system and a musical system. Moreover, coevolution must also have played a role by allowing both cognitive and anatomical adaptations to language and speech to evolve in parallel. Although such a coevolutionary scenario is complex, it is entirely plausible from a biological point of view.

关键词： evolution of speech Speech production evolution of language

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Where does language come from? Some reflections on the role of deictic gesture and demonstratives in the evolution of language

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language AND COGNITION 2013年第2-3期5卷 239-249页

作者： Diessel, Holger Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena Inst Anglist Ernst Abbe Pl 8 D-07743 Jena Germany

This paper considers Arbib's hypothesis that (oral) language has its roots in gesture in light of recent research on demonstratives, joint attention, and deictic pointing (Michael Arbib. 2012. How the brain got language: The Mirror System Hypothesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press). It is argued that demonstratives provide an important link between gesture, discourse, and grammar that rests on their communicative function to coordinate the interlocutors' focus of attention. Combining evidence from linguistic typology and historical linguistics with evidence from research on social cognition, the paper argues that demonstratives constitute a universal class of linguistic expressions that are commonly used in combination with a deictic pointing gesture to establish joint attention, a cognitive phenomenon that is closely related to Arbib's notion of "complex imitation". No other class of linguistic expressions is so closely tied to the speaker's body and gesture than demonstratives. However, demonstratives are not only used to focus the language users' attention on concrete entities in the surrounding situation, they are also used to organize the information flow in discourse, which in turn underlies their frequent development into a wide range of grammatical markers, e.g. definite articles, third person pronouns, relative markers, complementizers, subordinate conjunctions, copulas, and focus markers. In this way, demonstratives provide an explicit link between gesture, imitation, and grammar that is consistent with Arbib's theory of the evolution of language.

关键词： demonstrative deixis joint attention grammaticalization evolution of language

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