作者：
Zhang, GuangJunMIT
David H Koch Inst Integrat Canc Res Cambridge MA 02139 USA
Vertebral columns are a group of diverse axial structures that define the vertebrates and provide supportive, locomotive, protective, and other important functions. The embryonic origin of the first vertebral element ...
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Vertebral columns are a group of diverse axial structures that define the vertebrates and provide supportive, locomotive, protective, and other important functions. The embryonic origin of the first vertebral element in this subphylum, the lamprey arcualia, has remained a puzzle for more than a century although much developmental and genetic progress has been made. The comparative approach is a very powerful tool for studying vertebrate morphological variation and understanding how the novel structures were generated during evolution. Here, I first briefly describe the vertebral structures and their developmental processes in major taxa, and then analyze the most recently published data on the basal vertebrates. Finally, an ontogenetic and phylogenetic origin is proposed. The lamprey may have already evolved a sclerotome, which gave rise to arcualia ontogenetically;whole genome duplications likely promoted the establishment of sclerotomal core genetic program by gene co-options.
Software-service bundles are combinations of software products and services offered by their vendors to clients. The clients select a combination of software product and associated service best suited to their specifi...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783319395647;9783319395630
Software-service bundles are combinations of software products and services offered by their vendors to clients. The clients select a combination of software product and associated service best suited to their specific circumstances. The paper proposes an information sharing based method helping clients to select the most appropriate combination or configuration and also supporting the continuous improvement of the solution in response to changing circumstances. The method utilizes principles of the Capability Driven development to characterize performance objectives and contextual factors affecting delivery of a software-service bundle. Application of the method is demonstrated using an illustrative example of data processing.
Although intentionality has been implicated as a causal variable in healing research, its definition has been inconsistent and vague. The objective of this grounded theory study is to develop a substantive theory of i...
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Although intentionality has been implicated as a causal variable in healing research, its definition has been inconsistent and vague. The objective of this grounded theory study is to develop a substantive theory of intentionality in a naturalistic encounter between nurse-healers and their healee-clients, and to consider the implications for practice and research. Six expert nurse-healers and six healee-clients were interviewed as individuals and in dyads before and after treatments. Interviews and observational data were analyzed using the constant comparative method and synthesized analysis. Participants described their experience of intentionality in healing as an evolutionary process characterized by distinctive shifts. The theory of intentionality: the matrix for healing (IMH) includes definitions of intentionality and a conceptual framework of three developmental phases of intentionality (generic, healing, and transforming intentionalities). The predominant attribute, development, is described. The theory contributes to knowledge about healing and intentionality and has implications for practice and future research.
Arguments are presented in support of the evolutionary development of information systems. The traditional analysis and design tools are shown to be inappropriate for the evolutionary development, and the requirements...
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Arguments are presented in support of the evolutionary development of information systems. The traditional analysis and design tools are shown to be inappropriate for the evolutionary development, and the requirements for such a development environment are determined. Three major tools are borrowed from the fields of artificial intelligence, programming languages, and database management, and combined to create an environment that meets these requirements. The resulting novel system architecture is described by using a university registration system.
This paper presents a retrospective synthesis and a prospective exploration of an intact line of inquiry that was inspired by the scholarly work of our mentor Bela H. Banathy. The inquiry centers on the creation of th...
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This paper presents a retrospective synthesis and a prospective exploration of an intact line of inquiry that was inspired by the scholarly work of our mentor Bela H. Banathy. The inquiry centers on the creation of the conditions for the conscious evolution of humanity in partnership with earth. Initially, it focused on the notion of evolutionary Learning Community (ELC) as the vehicle of choice for the creation of a 'Design Culture' that would promote learning, collaboration, innovation, and sustainability across different sectors of society. ELC serves to empower various forms of community to engage in self-directed sustainable development. It does so by fostering attention to a systemic variety of dimensions that assure wholeness and interconnections at both individual and collective levels of development for present and future generations. Application of the ELC framework in diverse contexts-such as business corporations, non-profit organizations, and civil society-naturally leads to consideration of the synergy and interrelations that arise in the evolutionary transformations that occur in different settings. Therefore, the inquiry has expanded to embrace issues of evolutionary development-that is, inquiry on ELC and other initiatives that support, facilitate, catalyze, and enhance self-organization for the creation of global sustainable learning societies. This paper articulates the relation between learning and development from a systemic and evolutionary perspective. Conscious evolution is defined and explored in the context of the evolution of education, business, and society. The paper ends with a description of the implications of this line of inquiry for further research and action. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Defect density is the ratio between the number of defects and software size. Properly assessing defect density in evolutionary product development requires a strong tool and rigid process support that enables defects ...
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Defect density is the ratio between the number of defects and software size. Properly assessing defect density in evolutionary product development requires a strong tool and rigid process support that enables defects to be traced to the offending source code. In addition, it requires waiting for field defects after the product is deployed. To ease the calculation in practice, a proposed method approximates the lifetime number of defects against the software by the number of defects reported in a development period even if the defects are reported against previous product releases. The method uses aggregated code churn to measure the software size. It was applied to two development projects in medical imaging that involved three geographical locations (sites) with about 30 software engineers and 1.354 million lines of code in the released products. The results suggest the approach has some merits and validity, which the authors discuss in the distributed development context. The method is simple and operable and can be used by others with situations similar to ours. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
We discuss how emerging object-relational database mediator technology can be used to integrate academic freeware and commercial-off-the-shelf software components to create a sequence of gradually more complex and pow...
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We discuss how emerging object-relational database mediator technology can be used to integrate academic freeware and commercial-off-the-shelf software components to create a sequence of gradually more complex and powerful, always semantically and syntactically homogeneous, database centered Image Meta-Analysis Environments. We show how this may be done by definition and utilization of a use-case-based evolutionary design and development process. This process allows subsystems to be produced largely independently by several small specialist subprojects, turning the system integration work into a high-level domain modelling task.
This review seeks to combine advances in anthropology and neuroscience to investigate the adaptive value of human consciousness. It uses an interdisciplinary perspective on the origin of consciousness to refute the mo...
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This review seeks to combine advances in anthropology and neuroscience to investigate the adaptive value of human consciousness. It uses an interdisciplinary perspective on the origin of consciousness to refute the most common fallacies in considering consciousness, particularly, disregarding the evolutionary origin of the subjective reality in looking for the neural correlates of consciousness and divorcing studies in neuroscience and behavioural sciences. Various explanations linked to consciousness in the field of neuroscience, supplemented with the theoretical explanation of an experience as an ongoing process of overlap between intrinsic neural dynamics and stimulation can be summarised as the stochastic dynamics of one's control system experienced by the individual in the form of subjective reality. This framework elaborates on the world-brain research program and lays foundation for the quantitative description of one's qualitative feelings and naturalistic science of consciousness. Furthermore, this study highlights the philosophical perspective of the inseparability between the physical correlates and the subjective reality contributing to the realistic ontology of conscious processes.
While the enteric nervous system (ENS) of jawed vertebrates is largely derived from the vagal neural crest, lamprey are jawless vertebrates that lack the vagal neural crest, yet possess enteric neurons derived from la...
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While the enteric nervous system (ENS) of jawed vertebrates is largely derived from the vagal neural crest, lamprey are jawless vertebrates that lack the vagal neural crest, yet possess enteric neurons derived from latemigrating Schwann cell precursors. To illuminate homologies between the ENS of jawed and jawless vertebrates, here we examine the diversity and distribution of neuronal subtypes within the intestine of the sea lamprey during late embryonic and ammocete stages. In addition to previously described 5-HT-immunoreactive serotonergic neurons, we identified NOS+ and VIP+ neurons, consistent with motor neuron identity. Moreover, the presence of Calbindin+ neurons was suggestive of sensory IPANs. Quantification of neural numbers by subtype across the length of the intestine revealed significant, albeit subtle differences in distribution of neuronal markers at different axial levels, suggesting that the complex organizational features of the ENS may have emerged much earlier in the vertebrate lineage than previously appreciated.
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