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Cellular signatures in the primary visual cortex of phylogeny and placentation

BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 2012年第2期217卷 531-547页

作者： Lewitus, Eric Sherwood, Chet C. Hof, Patrick R. UCL Dept Anthropol London WC1H 0BW England George Washington Univ Dept Anthropol Washington DC 20052 USA Mt Sinai Sch Med Fishberg Dept Neurosci New York NY 10029 USA Mt Sinai Sch Med Friedman Brain Inst New York NY 10029 USA

The long-held view that brain size can be used as an index of general functional capacity across mammals is in conflict with increasing evidence for phyletic differences in cellular organization. Furthermore, it is poorly understood how the internal cellular organization of the brain covaries with overall brain size variation. Using design-based stereology, we quantified glial cell and neuronal densities in the primary visual cortex of 71 mammalian species (spanning 11 orders) to test how those cellular densities are influenced by phylogeny, behavior, environment, and anatomy. We further tested cellular densities against mode of placentation to determine whether a relationship may exist. We provide evidence for cellular signatures of phylogenetic divergence from the mammalian trend in primates and carnivores, as well as considerably divergent scaling patterns between the primate suborders, Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini, that likely originated at the anthropoid stem. Finally, we show that cellular densities in the mammalian cortex relate to the variability of maternal resources to the fetus in a species.

关键词： evolutionary development Primates Comparative phylogenetics Neocortex

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Comparative expression analysis of the Atoh7 gene regulatory network in the mouse and chicken auditory hindbrain

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CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH 2023年第3期392卷 643-658页

作者： Saleh, Ali Jason Ahmed, Yannis Peters, Lars-Oliver Nothwang, Hans Gerd Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg Sch Med & Hlth Sci Div Neurogenet D-26111 Oldenburg Germany Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg Sch Med & Hlth Sci Cluster Excellence Hearing4all D-26111 Oldenburg Germany Aix Marseille Univ Inst Neurophysiopathol INP CNRS Marseille France Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg Res Ctr Neurosensory Sci D-26111 Oldenburg Germany Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg Dept Neurosci Cluster Excellence Hearing4all D-26111 Oldenburg Germany

The mammalian and avian auditory brainstem likely arose by independent evolution. To compare the underlying molecular mechanisms, we focused on Atoh7, as its expression pattern in the mammalian hindbrain is restricted to bushy cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus. We thereby took advantage of an Atoh7 centered gene regulatory network (GRN) in the retina including upstream regulators, Hes1 and Pax6, and downstream targets, Ebf3 and Eya2. In situ hybridization demonstrated for the latter four genes broad expression in all three murine cochlear nuclei at postnatal days (P) 4 and P30, contrasting the restricted expression of Atoh7. In chicken, all five transcription factors were expressed in all auditory hindbrain nuclei at embryonic day (E) 13 and P14. Notably, all five genes showed graded expression in the embryonic nucleus magnocellularis (NM). Atoh7 was highly expressed in caudally located neurons, whereas the other four transcription factors were highly expressed in rostrally located neurons. Thus, Atoh7 shows a strikingly different expression between the mammalian and avian auditory hindbrain. This together with the consistent absence of graded expression of GRN components in developing mammalian nuclei provide the first molecular support to the current view of convergent evolution as a major mechanism in the amniote auditory hindbrain. The graded expression of five transcription factors specifically in the developing NM confirms this nucleus as a central organizer of tonotopic features in birds. Finally, the expression of all five retinal GRN components in the auditory system suggests co-options of genes for development of sensory systems of distinct modalities.

关键词： Auditory system Vertebrate Gene regulatory network Gene expression evolutionary development

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(Non)Parallel developmental mechanisms in vertebrate appendage reduction and loss

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ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 2021年第22期11卷 15484-15497页

作者： Swank, Samantha Sanger, Thomas J. Stuart, Yoel E. Loyola Univ Chicago Dept Biol Chicago IL 60660 USA

Appendages have been reduced or lost hundreds of times during vertebrate evolution. This phenotypic convergence may be underlain by shared or different molecular mechanisms in distantly related vertebrate clades. To investigate, we reviewed the developmental and evolutionary literature of appendage reduction and loss in more than a dozen vertebrate genera from fish to mammals. We found that appendage reduction and loss was nearly always driven by modified gene expression as opposed to changes in coding sequences. Moreover, expression of the same genes was repeatedly modified across vertebrate taxa. However, the specific mechanisms by which expression was modified were rarely shared. The multiple routes to appendage reduction and loss suggest that adaptive loss of function phenotypes might arise routinely through changes in expression of key developmental genes.

关键词： convergence evolutionary development gene regulatory networks Hedgehog Hox genes limb loss Pitx1

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developmental neuroanatomy of the rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)-A microCT study

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JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 2022年第12期530卷 2132-2153页

作者： Yi, Wenjing Mueller, Thomas Rucklin, Martin Richardson, Michael K. Leiden Univ Inst Biol Sylvius Lab Sylviusweg 72 NL-2333 BE Leiden Netherlands Nat Biodivers Ctr Vertebrate Evolut Dev & Ecol Leiden Netherlands Kansas State Univ Div Biol Ackert Hall Manhattan KS 66506 USA

Bitterlings are carp-like teleost fish (Cypriniformes: Acheilanathidae) known for their specialized brood parasitic lifestyle. Bitterling embryos, in fact, develop inside the gill chamber of their freshwater mussel hosts. However, little is known about how their parasitic lifestyle affects brain development in comparison to nonparasitic species. Here, we document the development of the brain of the rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, at four embryonic stages of 165, 185, 210, 235 hours postfertilization (hpf) using micro-computed tomography (microCT). Focusing on developmental regionalization and brain ventricular organization, we relate the development of the brain divisions to those described for zebrafish using the prosomeric model as a reference paradigm. Segmentation and three-dimensional visualization of the ventricular system allowed us to identify changes in the longitudinal brain axis as a result of cephalic flexure during development. The results show that during early embryonic and larval development, histological differentiation, tissue boundaries, periventricular proliferation zones, and ventricular spaces are all detectable by microCT. The results of this study visualized with differential CT profiles are broadly consistent with comparable histological studies, and with the genoarchitecture of teleosts like the zebrafish. Compared to the zebrafish, our study identifies distinct developmental heterochronies in the rosy bitterling, such as a precocious development of the inferior lobe.

关键词： brain ventricle evolutionary development neuroembryology proliferation zone prosomeric model

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Phylogeny-based developmental analyses illuminate evolution of inflorescence architectures in dogwoods (Cornus s. l., Cornaceae)

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NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011年第3期191卷 850-869页

作者： Feng, Chun-Miao Xiang, Qiu-Yun (Jenny) Franks, Robert G. N Carolina State Univ Dept Plant Biol Raleigh NC 27695 USA N Carolina State Univ Dept Genet Raleigh NC 27695 USA

Inflorescence architecture is important to angiosperm reproduction, but our knowledge of the developmental basis underlying the evolution of inflorescence architectures is limited. Using a phylogeny-based comparative analysis of developmental pathways, we tested the long-standing hypothesis that umbel evolved from elongated inflorescences by suppression of inflorescence branches, while head evolved from umbels by suppression of pedicels. The developmental pathways of six species of Cornus producing different inflorescence types were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histological analysis. Critical developmental events were traced over the molecular phylogeny to identify evolutionary changes leading to the formation of umbels and heads using methods accounting for evolutionary time and phylogenetic uncertainty. We defined 24 developmental events describing the developmental progression of the different inflorescence types. The evolutionary transition from paniculate cymes to umbels and heads required alterations of seven developmental events occurring at different evolutionary times. Our results indicate that heads and umbels evolved independently in Cornus from elongated forms via an umbellate dichasium ancestor and this process involved several independent changes. Our findings shed novel insights into head and umbel evolution concealed by outer morphology. Our work illustrates the importance of combining developmental and phylogenetic data to better define morphological evolutionary processes.

关键词： ancestral character state reconstruction Cornus evolutionary development inflorescence evolution umbels and heads

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Insights into skull evolution in fossorial snakes, as revealed by the cranial morphology ofAtractaspis irregularis(Serpentes: Colubroidea)

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JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 2021年第1期238卷 146-172页

作者： Strong, Catherine R. C. Palci, Alessandro Caldwell, Michael W. Univ Alberta Dept Biol Sci Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada South Australian Museum Earth Sci Sect Adelaide SA Australia Flinders Univ S Australia Coll Sci & Engn Bedford Pk SA Australia Univ Alberta Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci Edmonton AB Canada

Comparative osteological analyses of extant organisms provide key insight into major evolutionary transitions and phylogenetic hypotheses. This is especially true for snakes, given their unique morphology relative to other squamates and the persistent controversy regarding their evolutionary origins. However, the osteology of several major snake groups remains undescribed, thus hindering efforts to accurately reconstruct the phylogeny of snakes. One such group is the Atractaspididae, a family of fossorial colubroids. We herein present the first detailed description of the atractaspidid skull, based on fully segmented micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans ofAtractaspis irregularis. The skull ofAtractaspispresents a highly unique morphology influenced by both fossoriality and paedomorphosis. This paedomorphosis is especially evident in the jaws, palate, and suspensorium, the major elements associated with macrostomy (large-gaped feeding in snakes). Comparison to scolecophidians-a group of blind, fossorial, miniaturized snakes-in turn sheds light on current hypotheses of snake phylogeny. Features of both the naso-frontal joint and the morphofunctional system related to macrostomy refute the traditional notion that scolecophidians are fundamentally different from alethinophidians (all other extant snakes). Instead, these features support the controversial hypothesis of scolecophidians as "regressed alethinophidians," in contrast to their traditional placement as the earliest-diverging snake lineage. We propose thatAtractaspisand scolecophidians fall along a morphological continuum, characterized by differing degrees of paedomorphosis. Altogether, a combination of heterochrony and miniaturization provides a mechanism for the derivation of the scolecophidian skull from an ancestral fossorial alethinophidian morphotype, exemplified by the nonminiaturized and less extreme paedomorphAtractaspis.

关键词： evolutionary development fossoriality heterochrony micro-CT miniaturization paedomorphosis skull anatomy snake evolution

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Examining emergence of functional gene clustering in a simulated evolution

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BULLETIN OF MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY 2007年第7期69卷 2261-2280页

作者： Yerushalmi, Uri Teicher, Mina Bar Ilan Univ Leslie & Susan Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Res Ramat Gan Israel

Recent research suggests that rather than being random, gene order may be coupled with gene functionality. These findings may be explained by mechanisms that require physical proximity such as co-expression and co-regulation. Alternatively, they may be due to evolutionary-dynamics forces, as expressed in genetic drift or linkage disequilibrium. This paper proposes a biologically plausible model for evolutionary development. Using the model, which includes natural selection and the development of gene networks and cellular organisms, the co-evolution of recombination rate and gene functionality is examined. The results presented here are compatible with previous biological findings showing that functionally related genes are clustered. These results imply that evolutionary pressure in a complex environment is sufficient for the emergence of gene order that is coupled with functionality. They shed further light on the mechanisms that may cause such gene clusters.

关键词： genetic algorithm gene order epistasis gene clusters gene networks evolutionary computation evolutionary development

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Deep conservation and co-option of programmed cell death facilitates evolution of alternative phenotypes at multiple biological levels

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SEMINARS IN CELL & developmentAL BIOLOGY 2023年 145卷 28-41页

作者： Hanna, Lisa Abouheif, Ehab McGill Univ Dept Biol Montreal PQ Canada

Alternative phenotypes, such as polyphenisms and sexual dimorphisms, are widespread in nature and appear at all levels of biological organization, from genes and cells to morphology and behavior. Yet, our understanding of the mechanisms through which alternative phenotypes develop and how they evolve remains understudied. In this review, we explore the association between alternative phenotypes and programmed cell death, a mecha-nism responsible for the elimination of superfluous cells during development. We discuss the ancient origins and deep conservation of programmed cell death (its function, forms and underlying core regulatory gene networks), and propose that it was co-opted repeatedly to generate alternative phenotypes at the level of cells, tissues, organs, external morphology, and even individuals. We review several examples from across the tree of life to explore the conditions under which programmed cell death is likely to facilitate the evolution of alternative phenotypes.

关键词： Apoptosis Sexual dimorphism Polyphenism Programmed cell death Alternative phenotypes Co-option evolutionary development developmental plasticity Eco-evo-devo Cell types

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Oldest evidence for grooming claws in euprimates

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JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 2018年 122卷 1-22页

作者： Boyer, Doug M. Maiolino, Stephanie A. Holroyd, Patricia A. Morse, Paul E. Bloch, Jonathan I. Duke Univ Dept Evolutionary Anthropol POB 90383Biol Sci Bldg130 Sci Dr Durham NC 27708 USA SUNY Stony Brook Dept Anat Sci Stony Brook NY 11794 USA Univ Calif Berkeley Museum Paleontol 1101 Valley Life Sci Bldg Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Florida Florida Museum Nat Hist Gainesville FL 32611 USA Univ Florida Dept Anthropol Gainesville FL 32611 USA

Euprimates are unusual among mammals in having fingers and toes with flat nails. While it seems clear that the ancestral stock from which euprimates evolved had claw-bearing digits, the available fossil record has not yet contributed a detailed understanding of the transition from claws to nails. This study helps clarify the evolutionary history of the second pedal digit with fossils representing the distal phalanx of digit two (dpII), and has broader implications for other digits. Among extant primates, the keratinized structure on the pedal dpII widely varies in form. Extant strepsirrhines and tarsiers have narrow, distally tapering, dorsally inclined nails (termed a 'grooming claws' for their use in auto-grooming), while extant anthropoids have more typical nails that are wider and lack distal tapering or dorsal inclination. At least two fossil primate species thought to be stem members of the Strepsirrhini appear to have had grooming claws, yet reconstructions of the ancestral euprimate condition based on direct evidence from the fossil record are ambiguous due to inadequate fossil evidence for the earliest haplorhines. Seven recently discovered, isolated distal phalanges from four early Eocene localities in Wyoming (USA) closely resemble those of the pedal dpII in extant prosimians. On the basis of faunal associations, size, and morphology, these specimens are recognized as the grooming phalanges of five genera of haplorhine primates, including one of the oldest known euprimates (similar to 56 Ma), Teilhardina brandti. Both the phylogenetic distribution and antiquity of primate grooming phalanges now strongly suggest that ancestral euprimates had grooming claws, that these structures were modified from a primitive claw rather than a flat nail, and that the evolutionary loss of 'grooming claws' represents an apomorphy for crown anthropoids. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Strepsirrhini Eocene Archicebus Omomyiform Exaptation evolutionary development

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Genome size drives morphological evolution in organ-specific ways

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EVOLUTION 2022年第7期76卷 1453-1468页

作者： Itgen, Michael W. Siegel, Dustin S. Sessions, Stanley K. Mueller, Rachel Lockridge Natalie, Giovanna R. Colorado State Univ Dept Biol Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Hartwick Coll Biol Dept Oneonta NY 13820 USA Southeast Missouri State Univ Dept Biol Cape Girardeau MO 63701 USA

Morphogenesis is an emergent property of biochemical and cellular interactions during development. Genome size and the correlated trait of cell size can influence these interactions through effects on developmental rate and tissue geometry, ultimately driving the evolution of morphology. We tested whether variation in genome and body size is related to morphological variation in the heart and liver using nine species of the salamander genus Plethodon (genome sizes 29-67 gigabases). Our results show that overall organ size is a function of body size, whereas tissue structure changes dramatically with evolutionary increases in genome size. In the heart, increased genome size is correlated with a reduction of myocardia in the ventricle, yielding proportionally less force-producing mass and greater intertrabecular space. In the liver, increased genome size is correlated with fewer and larger vascular structures, positioning hepatocytes farther from the circulatory vessels that transport key metabolites. Although these structural changes should have obvious impacts on organ function, their effects on organismal performance and fitness may be negligible because low metabolic rates in salamanders relax selective pressure on function of key metabolic organs. Overall, this study suggests large genome and cell size influence the developmental systems involved in heart and liver morphogenesis.

关键词： Cell size comparative methods evolutionary development histology microCT salamanders

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