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experimental characterization of a reversible heat pump - Organic Rankine cycle pilot plant as a thermally integrated Carnot battery

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APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 2025年 260卷

作者： Weitzer, Maximilian Reiss, Sabine Steger, Daniel Kolb, Sebastian Karl, Juergen Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg FAU Chair Energy Proc Engn Further Str 244f D-90429 Nurnberg Germany Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg FAU Inst Proc Machinery & Syst Engn Cauerstr 4 D-91058 Erlangen Germany

This paper presents a first detailed experimental characterization of a reversible heat pump - Organic Rankine Cycle pilot plant, highlighting its potential as a thermally integrated Carnot battery for efficient energy storage. A total of 150 stationary operating points were investigated in both heat pump and ORC modes. The study analyzes and discusses the main trends and interactions at both the system and component levels. As expected, heat pump and ORC operations exhibit an opposing behavior. While heat pump operation yields a maximum COP of 9.5 at a 15 K temperature lift, the peak net ORC efficiency reaches 4.4 % with a 40 K temperature gradient. Neglecting additional storage losses, this leads to a power-to-power (round-trip) efficiency of up to 41.8 % for the Carnot battery. The absence of a liquid receiver in the ORC mode leads to significant subcooling and increased condensation pressures, which affect the expander's power generation due to excess refrigerant accumulation. Moreover, the experimental results reveal that the reversible screw machine is the critical factor influencing efficiency. The screw machine's maximum isentropic efficiencies are 78 % and 60 % in compressor and expander operation, respectively. The reliability of the results was verified by means of an energy balance and reference operating points, underlining high reproducibility. Additionally, potential system improvements were derived from the experimental results. Altogether, this paper successfully demonstrates the concept of reversible heat pump - ORC systems and provides experimental results for further advancements in this field.

关键词： Carnot battery Energy storage Organic Rankine Cycle Heat pump experimental characterization

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experimental characterization of phase change materials for thermal energy storage for solar energy applications in the temperature range between 400 °C and 600 °C

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SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 2025年 290卷

作者： Martinez, Franklin R. Borri, Emiliano Ushak, Svetlana Kala, Saranprabhu Mani Prieto, Cristina Cabeza, Luisa F. Univ Lleida GREiA Res Grp Pere Cabrera 3 Lleida 25001 Spain Univ Antofagasta Ctr Adv Study Lithium & Ind Minerals CELiMIN Campus ColosoAve Univ Antofagasta Antofagasta 02800 Chile Univ Antofagasta Dept Ingn Quim & Proc Minerales Campus ColosoAve Univ Antofagasta Antofagasta 02800 Chile Univ Seville Dept Energy Engn Camino Descubrimientos S-N Seville 41092 Spain Build Zero SL Camino Descubrimientos S-N Seville 41092 Spain

Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants are seen as a key technology to achieve the needed energy transition since its use together with a thermal energy storage (TES) system ensures electricity dispatchability decreasing CSP plants environmental impact and life cycle costs. Latent TES using phase change materials (PCMs) has risen as a very interesting storage technology for such applications. Nevertheless, the selection of the adequate TES system and PCM, is one of the problems researchers and practitioners face to implement such technology. This paper presents a full characterization of fifteen PCMs suitable to work in the temperature range 400-600 degrees C. Melting temperature, melting enthalpy, degradation temperature, and solid-state thermal conductivity are presented, complemented with corrosion behaviour tests against stainless steel and Alloy 20. Moreover, the findings obtained in the characterization of the selected fifteen PCMs highlight the need of these analyses, as notable differences were observed compared to the available data, particularly in thermal stability and thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the compatibility test reveals that out of the fifteen selected PCMs, only two PCMs (binary mixtures of carbonates) are potentially compatible with stainless-steel 314 and Alloy 20 fibres under environmental conditions (air atmosphere). Finally, the results presented will allow researchers and practitioners to have very detailed data on the characterisation of those PCMs.

关键词： Thermal energy storage Solar energy Phase change material High-temperature experimental characterization

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experimental characterization and 1D Simulation of an EV Drivetrain System With a Double-Stator Axial Flux SPMSM

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2025年第3期74卷 3666-3680页

作者： Vieitez, Ruben Rodriguez Vazquez, Jorge Rivas Fresco, Jacobo Porteiro Torres, Daniel Villanueva Bassan, Nicola CTAG Powertrain Dept E-36475 Porrino Pontevedra Spain Univ Vigo Ctr Res Technol Energy & Ind Proc CINTECX Energet Technol Grp GTE Vigo 36310 Spain QEV Technol Powertrain & EE Syst Barcelona 08160 Spain

This article addresses the comprehensive experimental characterization and numerical modelling of an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous Electric Vehicle Drivetrain System (AFPMSM). A methodology based on studies from various procedures, both from research and the industrial sector (Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) & Tier1), is employed. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was employed to guide the experimental procedures, enabling the precise determination of critical parameters, magnitudes, and their interrelationships. Most studies on characterization focus on a single aspect, idealizing or simplifying other influences and nonlinearities, which limits the analysis and does not include the complete drivetrain. An analysis of Field Oriented Control (FOC) and its performance was conducted. This included experimentally quantification of factors such as losses, inertias, phase resistances, temperatures, back electromotive force (BEMF), nominal and peak torque and power, efficiencies, inductances and magnetic flux. Correlations were established through equations or Look Up Tables (LUT), to capture the nonlinearities, determining their effects on other variables. A numerical model of the powertrain was generated and validated in AVL CRUISE (TM) M. The prediction error for torque and power of the model is less than 3%, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for the phase (id) and quadrature (iq) currents are less than 4.74% and 2.51%, respectively. The model reduces the need for experimental testing in the development of electric powertrains. The experimental procedure described in this work enables a comprehensive characterization of the drivetrain, specifically addressing the nonlinearities and associated effects such as magnetic circuit saturation, inductance variation, and temperature impact, thereby providing a more accurate representation of the SPMSM motor's behavior.

关键词： Motors Torque Magnetic flux Saturation magnetization Couplings Mathematical models Table lookup Numerical models Finite element analysis Mechanical power transmission Double-stator axial flux surface permanent magnet synchronous motor (DF-AFSPMSM) drive control simulation electric vehicle drivetrain system experimental characterization field oriented control (FOC)

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experimental characterization of phase change materials for thermal energy storage in the temperature range between 270 °C and 400 °C

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ENERGY 2025年 314卷

作者： Martinez, Franklin R. Borri, Emiliano Ushak, Svetlana Kala, Saranprabhu Mani Prieto, Cristina Cabeza, Luisa F. Univ Lleida GREiA Res Grp Pere Cabrera S-N Lleida 25001 Spain Univ Antofagasta Ctr Adv Study Lithium & Ind Minerals CELiMIN Campus ColosoAve Univ Antofagasta Antofagasta 02800 Chile Univ Seville Dept Energy Engn Camino Descubrimientos S-N Seville 41092 Spain Build Zero SL Camino Descubrimientos S-N Seville 41092 Spain

Thermal energy storage (TES) with phase change materials (PCM) is an interesting technology to be used to improve the energy efficiency of industrial processes, contributing to their decarbonization and the integration of renewable energy sources. Even though literature lists many materials that can be used as PCM in the temperature range between 270 degrees C and 400 degrees C, most of them lack a full characterisation, jeopardising their potential implementation by practitioners and scientists. Therefore, this paper presents a complete experimental characterisation of 24 PCMs, with melting temperature, melting enthalpy, degradation temperature, and thermal conductivity in the solid state (at room temperature) determination. Moreover, corrosion tests with two different stainless-steel fibres and with Alloy 20 fibres is presented. The findings obtained in the characterization highlight the necessity of these analyses, as notable differences were observed compared to the available data, particularly in thermal stability and thermal conductivity. Moreover, the findings obtained in the compatibility test reveals that out of the 24 selected PCMs, 11 are potentially compatible with Alloy 20, and 8 with both stainless-steel fibres under environmental conditions (air atmosphere). Finally, the results presented will allow researchers and practitioners to have very detailed data on the characterisation of those PCMs.

关键词： Thermal energy storage Phase change material Industrial applications experimental characterization

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experimental characterization of the thermophysical properties of some selected phase change materials for building applications: Critical input data for numerical simulations

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JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 2025年 111卷

作者： Kabore, Appolinaire Tala, Jules Voguelin Simo Younsi, Zohir Bougeard, Daniel Univ Lille Inst Mines Telecom Ctr Energy & Environm IMT Nord Europe F-59000 Lille France French Environm & Energy Management Agcy 20Ave GresilleBP 90406 F-49004 Angers 01 France Univ Lille Univ Artois Civil Engn & Geoenvironm Lab Inst Mines TelecomJuniaULR 4515 LGCgE F-59000 Lille France

A precise characterization of the thermophysical properties of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) used for the Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) is necessary for the development and manufacturing of LHTES technologies. The complete input data for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of PCMs phase transition processes is very lacking in the literature, making it difficult to set up CFD simulations and specially to guarantee the accuracy of the results. The present study focuses on a comprehensive experimental characterization of the thermophysical properties of six PCMs in order to support the numerical studies. Several measurement techniques allowed the characterization of these PCMs. The Anton Paar MCR 102 rheometer was used to determine the viscosity of the six PCMs and their temperature dependency. A TPS 2200 model HotDisk allowed the measurements of the thermal conductivity of both solid and liquid phases of the PCMs, using a temperaturecontrolled bath. A high-precision in-house experimental setup was developed and validated, for measuring the liquid phase density of PCMs and its temperature dependency. Subsequently, it allowed the determination of the thermal expansion coefficient, which is rare in the literature. Finally, a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the necessary thermal data for modeling the phase change processes, including latent heat, transition temperatures, and specific heat capacity. Six paraffinic (RT18HC, RT21HC, RT24HC) and biobased (PT20, PT23, PT25) PCMs, with high potential for buildings application were fully characterized using the aforementioned techniques. The obtained results allowed to establish correlations to consider and integrate the temperature dependence of the thermophysical properties of the analyzed materials in the numerical simulations. This will improve the accuracy of numerical studies using these materials.

关键词： experimental characterization Thermophysical properties Phase change materials Building energy Thermal energy storage Energy efficiency

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experimental characterization and aging analysis of commercial 18650 sodium-ion cells

Experimental characterization and aging analysis of commerci...

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International Conference on Renewable Energies and Smart Technologies (REST)

作者： Irujo, Elisa Berrueta, Alberto Sanchis, Pablo Urs, Alfredo Publ Univ Navarre UPNA Dept Elect Elect & Commun Engn Inst Smart Cities ISC Campus Arrosadia Pamplona 31006 Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9798350358919;9798350358902

Extensive use of lithium-ion batteries and scarcity of lithium are leading to re-emergence of sodium-ion batteries as a promising candidate, side-by-side with LIBs, to cover increasing demand of energy storage systems. Thus, development and commercialization of SIBs have been recently accelerated. Scientific research on first commercialized cells has been published regarding its fundamental parameters, aging and thermal performance. However, SIBs still require experimental study to continue developing and maturing their technology. For that reason, this work presents an electrical characterization and aging analysis of a commercial 1.3 Ah 18650 SIB. Based on experimental results obtained, this contribution reveals energy efficiencies of around 92% and an open circuit voltage with a plateau at a SOC of 35%. Regarding aging, samples full cycled at 0.5C exhibit a capacity loss of 15% after 310 cycles and stored cells age at a speed of 0.01 %/day.

关键词： Aging experimental characterization performance sodium-ion battery

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experimental characterization and modelling of the resistive wall mode response in a reversed field pinch

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PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION 2022年第5期64卷 055011-055011页

作者： Saad, E. A. Brunsell, P. R. Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci KTH Royal Inst Technol Div Fus Plasma Phys SE-10044 Stockholm Sweden

Model-based control algorithms have potential advantages for resistive wall mode (RWM) feedback control. In this study, a physics model of the RWM response to externally applied perturbation fields is validated against experiments in a reversed field pinch (RFP). The experimental characterization of the RWM plasma response is performed in the EXTRAP T2R device by the excitation of nonaxisymmetric perturbation magnetic fields utilizing an external array of saddle coils for RWM control. The modelling and experimental validation is carried out with an extended sensor array, resolving a wider spectrum of RWM compared to earlier studies, covering the relevant poloidal m = 1 and toroidal -32 < n < 32 modes for this high aspect ratio RFP device. In addition to the nonresonant unstable modes, which are the primary target of RWM feedback control, this spectrum also includes a wide range of resonant modes. The validated resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model includes the passive stabilization effect on these modes from intrinsic plasma rotation. The inclusion of resistivity and plasma rotation in the present model provides a substantially better agreement between modelled and experimental growth rates than that observed in earlier studies using the ideal MHD model. The present model provides a realistic description of the plasma response for both nonresonant and resonant modes, which is both relatively simple and compatible with the computing capabilities and latency limitations encountered in practical implementations of model-based control algorithms.

关键词： resistive wall mode reversed field pinch experimental characterization modelling plasma response feedback control

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experimental characterization and numerical modeling of the self-weight consolidation of a dredged mud

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GEOMECHANICS FOR ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2022年 29卷

作者： Francois, Bertrand Corda, Gilles Univ Libre Bruxelles BATir Dept Brussels Belgium

The kinetics of one-dimensional self-weight consolidation of dredged mud depends on the permeability and the compressibility of the mud, in addition to the height of the mud and the drainage conditions at the boundaries. The process is highly non-linear because of the drastic variation of permeability and compressibility during the densification of the mud. In this work, we investigate the self-weight consolidation of a mixed sediments, dredged from the Belgian rivers and channels and discharged in disposal site First of all, this study proposes two original experiments, the hydraulic column and the kinematic permeameter, to determine the two constitutive relations governing this self-weight consolidation. A power law is used to relate the permeability with the void ratio of the mud, while a hyperbolic function is preferred for the relation between void ratio and vertical effective stress. Additionally, self-weight consolidation tests of dredged mud are performed in plexiglass column, drained at the base through a layer of sand. The settlement of the mud-water interface and the excess pore water pressure profile are monitored during the tests. In addition to this experimental characterization, the Gibson's large strain consolidation equation is solved through a finite difference method to evaluate the ability of the constitutive relations to reproduce the kinetics of self-weight consolidation observed in the consolidation column. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the constitutive relations of the mud is carried out. The model reproduces quite well the evolution of the excess pore water pressure profile in the mud, while the rate of settlement of the mud-water interface is overestimated by the model at very short term. Also, it is observed that the draining sand at the base plays an insignificant role on the speed of consolidation if the permeability of this sand remains lower that the permeability of the mud at the densified state. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights r

关键词： Large strain consolidation Dredged mud experimental characterization Permeability Compressibility Finite difference method

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experimental characterization and molecular modeling of kerogen in Silurian deep gas shale from southern Sichuan Basin, China

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ENERGY REPORTS 2022年 8卷 1497-1507页

作者： Huang, Shan Ma, Xinhua Yang, Hongzhi Wu, Jianfa Zhang, Jian Zhao, Shengxian Zhang, Deliang Ren, Chunyu Huang, Liang Shale Gas Res Inst Southwest Oil Gas Field Co PetroChina Chengdu 610051 Sichuan Peoples R China Res Inst Petr Explorat Dev PetroChina Beijing 100083 PR Peoples R China Chengdu Univ Technol State Key Lab Oil & Gas Reservoir Geol & Exploita Chengdu 610059 Sichuan Peoples R China Chengdu Univ Technol Coll Energy Chengdu 610059 Sichuan Peoples R China

A representative molecular model of kerogen is the prerequisite to the study on molecular interaction of fluid molecules with organic nanopores of shale. The molecular kerogen model in Silurian deep gas shale from southern China remains to be developed. In this work, the chemical structure of the targeted deep shale kerogen is characterized by organic geochemical measurements. The derived structural parameters are utilized to build the molecular structure of the kerogen unit. The kerogen unit shows a good representation of realistic kerogen structure in shale reservoir in terms of carbon skeleton, heteroatomic compositions and groups. The kerogen matrix and a extended kerogen slit model are constructed based on the kerogen unit, which match well with the experimental results in matrix density and kerogen porosity, respectively. The kerogen matrix is overall disordered with gentle stacking of polyaromatic fragments, due to the bendable aliphatic linkages and large-size aromatic units. The kerogen nanopores are not saturated with methane at deep shale reservoir conditions. At high pressure, the absolute adsorption tends to reach a maximum, while the excess adsorption shows a decreasing trend. The effect of pressure on the dissolved gas density is not pronounced. The generated kerogen model can serve as a starting point for further theoretical investigations on fluid storage and transport in organic nanopores of deep shale reservoir at microscopic scale.(c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： Deep shale Kerogen Molecular model experimental characterization Sorption

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experimental characterization and validation of model for cantilever beam platform using SMA actuator

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IEEE LATIN AMERICA TRANSACTIONS 2022年第3期20卷 519-526页

作者： Santana Barroso, Antonio Julio de Moura Fernandes, Eisenhawer Da Rocha Neto, Jose Sergio Ctr Univ Estacio Sergipe Aracaju Brazil Univ Wisconsin Madison UW Madison Madison WI USA Univ Fed Campina Grande UFCG Ctr Ciencias & Tecnol CCT Dept Engn Mecan DEM Campina Grande Paraiba Brazil Univ Fed Campina Grande Programa Posgrad Engn Mecan PPGEM Campina Grande Paraiba Brazil Univ Fed Campina Grande Programa Posgrad Engn Eletr PPgEE Campina Grande Paraiba Brazil Univ Fed Campina Grande Campina Grande Paraiba Brazil

Shape-memory alloys are being used and studied in different areas due to features such as feasibility, high deformation per volume ratio with shape recovery, soft and silente movements. Although these actuators present some advantages for use, its application in position control of structures has some drawbacks related to parameter characterization and, consequently, for system modeling. The lack of information for model the SMA actuator has been compensated in literature by using control algorithms such as Fuzzy controllers, RNA and Fuzzy-PID controller that requires hardware for implementation with more computational requirements. This work presents a model for a flexible cantilever beam actuated by shape-memory alloy (SMA) actuator. The SMA actuator is actived in order to control the position of the free tip of the cantilever beam. The proposed model in Simulink/Matlab is composed by mechanical and electrical sub-systems of the structure. The proposed model is validated by the comparison with the experimental results obtained from a laboratory test bench. The metric used to validate the model is Normalized Mean Squared Error (NMSE), reaching a value of 0.9981, and Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) of 0.9562, for a 90% duty cycle. As a result, the proposed model can be used for implementation of position closed-loop control of the structure based on conventional algorithms (PI or PID) suitable for simpler hardware presenting limited computational resources (microcontrollers).

关键词： Computational modeling Deformable models Biological system modeling Actuators Metals Structural beams IEEE transactions Shape-memory alloys SMA actuator Simulation model experimental characterization

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