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formalization of Quantum Intermediate Representations for code safety

JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2025年 219卷

作者： Luo, Junjie Zhao, Jianjun Kyushu Univ Fukuoka Japan

Quantum Intermediate Representation (QIR) is an LLVM-based intermediary representation developed by Microsoft for quantum program compilers. QIR's objective is to serve as a versatile solution for quantum program compilers, irrespective of the programming languages used at the front end and the hardware utilized at the back end. This approach minimizes redundant development efforts involving intermediary representations and compilers. Currently, QIR remains in the development phase and is described informally in natural language, lacking a formal definition. This informal description leads to interpretational ambiguity and a shortage of precision when implementing quantum functions. Our work aims to address this gap by providing formal definitions for QIR's data types and instruction sets. We strive to establish correctness and safety assurances for operations and intermediate code conversions within the QIR framework. To substantiate our design, we present potentially unsafe QIR code instances that our formal approach can detect and rectify. This contribution enhances the reliability and robustness of quantum program development within the QIR context.

关键词： Quantum programming language Quantum Intermediate Representation formal syntax and semantics

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Enhancing Code Safety in Quantum Intermediate Representation 38

Enhancing Code Safety in Quantum Intermediate Representation

引用

38th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)

作者： Luo, Junjie Zhao, Jianjun Kyushu Univ Fukuoka Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350329964

Quantum Intermediate Representation (QIR) is an LLVM-based intermediate representation developed by Microsoft for quantum program compilers. QIR is designed to offer a universal solution for quantum program compilers, decoupled from both front-end languages and back-end hardware, thereby eliminating the need for redundant development of intermediate representations and compilers. However, the lack of a formal definition and reliance on natural language descriptions in the current state of QIR result in interpretational ambiguity and a dearth of rigor in implementing quantum functions. In this paper, we present formal definitions for QIR's data types and instruction sets to establish correctness and safety assurances for operations and intermediate code conversions within QIR. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we provide examples of unsafe QIR codes where errors can be identified with our method.

关键词： quantum programming language Quantum Intermediate Representation formal syntax and semantics

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