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Evading Antivirus Detection Using fountain code-Based Techniques for Executing Shellcodes

SENSORS 2025年第2期25卷 460页

作者： Huang, Gang-Cheng Chang, Ko-Chin Lai, Tai-Hung Natl Def Univ Chung Cheng Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Taoyuan Taiwan Natl Def Univ Chung Cheng Inst Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Taoyuan Taiwan

In this study, we propose a method for successfully evading antivirus detection by encoding malicious shellcode with fountain codes. The Meterpreter framework for Microsoft Windows 32-bit and 64-bit architectures was used to produce the shellcode used in this investigation. The experimental results proved that detection rates were substantially decreased. Specifically, the number of detected instances using antivirus vendors for 32-bit shellcode decreased from 18 to 3, while for 64-bit shellcode, it decreased from 16 to 1. This method breaks up a malicious payload into many packets, each with their own distinct structure, and then encodes them. This obfuscation approach maintains the shellcode's integrity, ensuring correct code execution. However, in the persistence phase of the penetration testing process, this method offers an additional means of evading antivirus techniques.

关键词： antivirus evasion fountain code Metasploit framework msfvenom meterpreter shellcode

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AeroMTP:A fountain code-based multipath transport protocol for airborne networks

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2015年第4期28卷 1147-1162页

作者： Li Jie Gong Erling Sun Zhiqiang Liu Wei Xie Hongwei College of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation National University of Defense Technology

Airborne networks（ANs） are special types of ad hoc networks that can be used to enhance situational awareness, flight coordination and flight efficiency in civil and military *** to ground networks, ANs have some unique attributes including high node mobility, frequent topology changes, mechanical and aerodynamic constrains, strict safety requirements and harsh communication ***, the performance of conventional transmission control protocol（TCP） will be dramatically degraded in *** commonly have two or more heterogeneous network interfaces which offer an opportunity to form multiple communication paths between any two nodes in *** satisfy the communication requirements in ANs, we propose aeronautical multipath transport protocol（Aero MTP） for ANs, which effectively utilizes the available bandwidth and diversity provided by heterogeneous wireless *** MTP uses fountain codes as forward error correction（FEC） codes to recover from data loss and deploys a TCP-friendly rate-based congestion control mechanism for each ***, we design a packet allocation algorithm based on optimization to minimize the delivery time of *** performance of Aero MTP is evaluated through OMNe T＋＋ simulations under a variety of test *** demonstrate that Aero MTP is of great potential to be applied to ANs.

关键词： Ad hoc networks Airborne networks fountain code Multi-paths Network protocols

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Short-Frame fountain code for Plasma Sheath With "Communication Windows"

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2020年第12期69卷 15569-15579页

作者： Zhang, Haojie Yang, Min Bao, Weimin Li, Xiaoping Wang, Junjie Xidian Univ Sch Aerosp Sci & Technol Xian 710071 Peoples R China Sch Air Force Engn Univ Xian 710077 Peoples R China

The surface of a hypersonic vehicle traveling at a speed exceeding Mach 10 is covered by a plasma sheath. The plasma sheath is a complex dynamic random medium that seriously attenuates electromagnetic (EM) waves and generates the so-called blackout phenomenon. However, owing to changes in vehicle flight parameters, such as the angle of attack, speed, and altitude, or the effects of plasma weakening control measures, the attenuation effect of the plasma sheath on EM waves weakens for a short time. At times, the amplitude of the EM waves is higher than the communication threshold, and the EM waves penetrate the plasma sheath in a so-called "communication window". However, the random temporal variance of the plasma sheath parameters causes the required parameters of the "communication windows" to appear randomly, resulting in the traditional communication methods that needs to keep the communication link open for a long time being no longer applicable. To maximize the use of these "communication windows", this paper proposes a short-frame fountain code (SFFC), constructs a time-varying plasma sheath channel model, and studies the relationship between the SFFC parameters and the transmission performance of this particular channel. Simulation and experimental results show that the use of SFFC improves the reliability of communication through the plasma sheath. The uninterrupted and correct transmission of information can be achieved even when the plasma equivalent frequency is close to the carrier frequency.

关键词： Plasma sheaths Encoding Plasmas Attenuation Electromagnetics Receivers Decoding Plasma sheath SFFC time-varying plasma sheath channel fountain code interleaved code

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A novel fountain code-based mobile IPTV multicast system architecture over WiMAX network

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2012年第1期23卷 161-172页

作者： Joo, Hyunchul Yoon, Changwoo Um, Tai-Won Song, Hwangjun POSTECH Pohang Univ Sci & Technol Pohang 790784 South Korea ETRI Broadcasting & Telecommun Convergence Res Lab Taejon 305700 South Korea

In this paper, we present a novel fountain code-based mobile IPTV multicast system architecture over WiMAX network. In the proposed system, the transmission algorithm at a base station determines the control parameters of a fountain-encoded IPTV multicast stream adaptively to the wireless link states of subscribers in order to provide a stable IPTV service with minimum resource usage on WiMAX network, and the channel grouping algorithm at a server makes near-optimal channel grouping based on channel selection preferences to pursue an effective tradeoff between the channel zapping time and the processing complexity of a subscriber. Finally, experimental results are provided to show the performance of the proposed system. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mobile IPTV WiMAX fountain code Channel zapping time Processing complexity Resource usage Decoding failure rate Quality of experience Genetic algorithm

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A data distribution scheme for VANET based on fountain code

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JOURNAL OF SUPERCOMPUTING 2022年第15期78卷 16794-16819页

作者： Liu, Jianhang Wang, Jiebing Ge, Yuming Li, Shibao Cui, Xuerong China Univ Petr East China Coll Oceanog & Space Informat Qingdao 266580 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Telecommun Res MIIT Beijing 100083 Peoples R China

Data dissemination is one of the applications used to provide infotainment to the end-users in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). During this process, the vehicles receive the data broadcast by the RoadSide Unit (RSU). However, it is difficult for vehicles to collect the complete content within the communication range of one RSU when the vehicle moves at a high speed and the amount of broadcast data is large. To solve this problem, a multi-RSU cooperative data distribution scheme based on fountain code (MRFC) is proposed in this paper. The source data are encoded by fountain code and poured into the VANET by multiple cooperative RSUs, then the vehicles in the area share data packets through the V2V resource compensation method, so that all vehicles can obtain enough encoded packets to reconstruct the source data. To improve channel resource utilization and reduce delivery delays, the RSUs use fuzzy logic to determine the number of fountain code packets according to their locations, the speed and density of surrounding vehicles. The experimental results show that on the premise of ensuring the delivery rate, the proposed scheme can reduce the delivery delay by 30-50%, and achieve a significant improvement in performance.

关键词： Vehicular ad hoc network Data distribution RSU cooperation fountain code

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Adaptive Space-Time Short-Frame fountain code With Plasma Sheath Channel

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE 2023年第8期51卷 2175-2185页

作者： Zhang, Qiongjie Li, Xiaoping Yang, Min Liu, Yanming Zhang, Haojie Xidian Univ Sch Aerosp Sci & Technol Xian 710071 Peoples R China Air Force Engn Univ Xian 710077 Peoples R China

A hypersonic vehicle is covered by a plasma sheath during reentry, which seriously attenuates the power of electromagnetic (EM) waves and generates the so-called "radio blackout" phenomenon when the equivalent frequency of plasma is greater than the carrier frequency. However, the parameters of plasma sheath vary randomly with time and axial distance. The variation produces some random time slots where the equivalent frequency of plasma is lower than the carrier frequency, so the EM waves can penetrate the plasma sheath. Random time slots cause receiver unable to receive information with the form of complete frame, resulting in the traditional communication methods being no longer applicable. In order to receive the complete frame in random time slots and make full use of the spatial-temporal resources of the plasma sheath channel, we construct a spatial-temporal-varying plasma sheath channel mode, propose an adaptive space-time short-frame fountain code (ASTSFFC), and study the relationship between the ASTSFFC parameters and the characteristics of the channel. The ASTFFC has the characteristics of no-rate and short-frame, which can adapt to the short-time and random of the plasma sheath. In addition, ASTFFC contains an adaptive multilevel coding matrix to deal with the massive changes of plasma sheath parameters during reentry. Simulation shows that the proposed method achieves higher utilization of spatial-temporal resources of plasma sheath channel, and improves the reliability of communication by adaptively adjusting the coding strategy. When the plasma equivalent frequency is lower than the carrier frequency, information can be transmitted at high speed. Even when the plasma equivalent frequency is close to the carrier frequency, information can also be transmitted correctly.

关键词： Adaptive space-time coding adaptive spacetime short-frame fountain code (ASTSFFC) fountain code plasma sheath spatial-temporal-varying

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MCTS: Multi-Channel Transmission Simultaneously Using Non-Feedback fountain code

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IEEE ACCESS 2018年 6卷 58373-58382页

作者： Liu, Jianhang Wang, Shuqing Li, Shibao Cui, Xuerong Pan, Yan Zhu, Ting China Univ Petr Coll Comp & Commun Engn Qingdao 266555 Peoples R China Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty Comp Sci & Elect Engn Baltimore MD 21250 USA Northwestern Polytech Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Xian 710072 Shaanxi Peoples R China

Data dissemination is an essential application in Internet of Things (IoT) network. It is generally relayed hop-by-hop due to the limitation of the communication distance of IoT devices. However, multi-hop transmission increases dissemination time, especially in a low duty-cycle network. Channel contention is another factor result in long delay, because most of IoT devices and Wi-Fi equipment work within the same bandwidth (2.4 GHz). To reduce the transmission delay of data dissemination, our group proposes a method of multi-channel transmission simultaneously (MCTS) using no-feedback fountain code. Instead of terminating sending data by feedback as a traditional fountain code protocol, in the MCTS, the sink node pours a certain amount of packets into the network according to the distance of object nodes to guarantee reliable transmission. By making use of channel encoding, the data to ZigBee nodes can be carried by some subcarriers of Wi-Fi in multiple ZigBee channels simultaneously when Wi-Fi sends itself data. This method technically avoids the delay from channel contention. Compared with the flooding method, the delay of the MCTS sending data from the sink node to all ZigBee nodes is decreased to 1/4.

关键词： Coexistence network fountain code multi-channel transmission no-feedback transmission

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FMTCP: A fountain code-Based Multipath Transmission Control Protocol

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IEEE-ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING 2015年第2期23卷 465-478页

作者： Cui, Yong Wang, Lian Wang, Xin Wang, Hongyi Wang, Yining Tsinghua Univ Beijing 100084 Peoples R China SUNY Stony Brook Dept Elect & Comp Engn Stony Brook NY 11794 USA

Ideally, the throughput of a Multipath TCP (MPTCP) connection should be as high as that of multiple disjoint single-path TCP flows. In reality, the throughput of MPTCP is far lower than expected. In this paper, we conduct an extensive simulation-based study on this phenomenon, and the results indicate that a subflow experiencing high delay and loss severely affects the performance of other subflows, thus becoming the bottleneck of the MPTCP connection and significantly degrading the aggregate goodput. To tackle this problem, we propose fountain code-based Multipath TCP (FMTCP), which effectively mitigates the negative impact of the heterogeneity of different paths. FMTCP takes advantage of the random nature of the fountain code to flexibly transmit encoded symbols from the same or different data blocks over different subflows. Moreover, we design a data allocation algorithm based on the expected packet arriving time and decoding demand to coordinate the transmissions of different subflows. Quantitative analyses are provided to show the benefit of FMTCP. We also evaluate the performance of FMTCP through ns-2 simulations and demonstrate that FMTCP outperforms IETF-MPTCP, a typical MPTCP approach, when the paths have diverse loss and delay in terms of higher total goodput, lower delay, and jitter. In addition, FMTCP achieves high stability under abrupt changes of path quality.

关键词： fountain code multipath TCP rateless coding scheduling

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Application of fountain code to High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networks

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 100845-100855页

作者： Douglass, Noah P. Langel, John Moore, Weiland J. Ng, Lawrence Dudukovich, Rachel M. Mal-Sarkar, Sanchita Cleveland State Univ Washkewicz Coll Engn Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Cleveland OH 44115 USA Glenn Res Ctr Cleveland OH 44115 USA

Space communication poses several unique challenges that are not always present in typical terrestrial communications. Currently, communication with satellites is based on point-to-point links, and development of an interplanetary internet is an active research area. Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) has been proposed as a way to mitigate the long delays and disruptions found in deep space. A specialized version of DTN, called High-rate Delay Tolerant Networking (HDTN), has been developed by NASA to support a variety of missions requiring store-and-forward capability. However, there are still several features that are desired for HDTN including data fragmentation, multicast, and anycast. This project proposes the application of fountain code in HDTN as a means of fragmenting, distributing, and reassembling data (in the form of bundles) across multiple nodes (i.e. satellites) to any number of receivers (i.e. ground stations). fountain code is shown to be a promising encoding method for use with the HDTN protocol suite due to its short runtimes, small encoded file sizes, and loss tolerance.

关键词： codes Delays Routing Protocols Software Reliability Encoding Tolerance analysis Multicast communication Delay tolerant networks fountain code data fragmentation multicast opportunistic routing

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code-Division Space-Time fountain code for Plasma Sheath Communication

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 3611-3616页

作者： Zhang, Haojie Zhai, Ding Air Force Engn Univ Sch Informat & Nav Xian 710077 Peoples R China

Influenced by the special physical characteristics of the plasma sheath and the parameters of the aircraft's attitude, the channel containing the plasma sheath can be regarded as a special kind of discontinuous channel. A code-division space-time fountain code form is proposed that is suitable for the spatial characteristics of the plasma sheath channel. Simulation results show that the use of code-division space-time fountain code maximizes the use of the airspace resources in the plasma sheath channel. The scheme proposed in this paper can be used to alleviate the "ionization blackout" problem faced by hypersonic vehicles in the reentry process.

关键词： Plasma sheath spatial-domain resource communication window fountain code interleaved code

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