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HIERARCHICAL EMULATION OF WELL-CODED PROGRAMS THROUGH THE USE OF STREAMS OF INSTRUCTIONS BUFFERED IN ON-CHIP ASSOCIATIVE MEMORIES AND DISTRIBUTED CONTROL

MICROPROCESSING AND MICROPROGRAMMING

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MICROPROCESSING AND MICROPROGRAMMING 1984年第3期13卷 153-170页

作者： SUK, D CARLSTEDT, G CHALMERS UNIV TECHNOL DEPT COMP TECHNOLS-41296 GOTHENBURGSWEDEN HYLAB S-41679 GOTHENBURGSWEDEN

Due to the rapid development of the VLSI technology, it is feasible to place the cache memory on the processor chip. This paper proposes an associative sequencer containing an on-chip cache memory. The sequencer emulates operations by streams of instructions and is hence called ‘associative stream emulator’. The associative cache memory stores emulation streams for operations belonging to several lexical levels. This includes also microinstruction streams. The individual instructions in the streams are frequency coded. This leads to code compaction, which increases the effective instruction transfer rate on the memory-processor bus enhancing by that the performance. A possible emulator architecture and its instruction stream processing principles are described. The structure of the associative cache cell is outlined. The operations on the cache memory are explained. Statistical measurement and their results are shown. These results prove that in order to obtain a reasonable performance it is enough with 50–150 cells in the cache memory.

关键词： VLSI emulation instruction sets instruction streams imperative programming languages dynamic microprogramming program behaviour frequency coding caching associative search LRU

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Phylogeny, evolutionary morphology, and hemipenis descriptions of the Middle American jumping pitvipers (Serpentes: Crotalinae: Atropoides)

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JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH 2010年第4期48卷 360-365页

作者： Jadin, Robert C. Gutberlet, Ronald L., Jr. Smith, Eric N. Univ Texas Arlington Dept Biol Amphibian & Reptile Divers Res Ctr Arlington TX 76019 USA Univ Colorado Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol Boulder CO 80309 USA Salisbury Univ Dept Biol Sci Salisbury MD USA

The jumping pitvipers, genus Atropoides, occur at low to middle elevations throughout Middle America. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have included all six species of Atropoides, but only two studies have found Atropoides to be monophyletic and questions persist about relationships within the A. nummifer complex. In this study, our phylogenetic analyses of morphological data provide strong support for the monophyly of Atropoides and recover relationships within the genus that are mostly congruent with those of recent molecular studies, further supporting the evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses proposed in those studies. Our analyses find support for a sister relationship between A. picadoi and the other Atropoides species and an A. occiduus-A. indomitus clade sister to an A. nummifer-A. mexicanus-A. olmec clade. Within the A. nummifer complex, we find A. mexicanus and A. olmec to be sister species to the exclusion of A. nummifer. We include morphological synapomorphies to support each clade within Atropoides and describe and illustrate the hemipenes of each species. In addition, we discuss the importance of morphological phylogenetics and the functionality and limitations of hemipenial data in systematics.

关键词： Cerrophidion coding frequency coding hemipenes morphological phylogenetics Porthidium snake Viperidae

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BINAURAL AMPLITUDE DISCRIMINATION AND THE BINAURAL MASKING-LEVEL DIFFERENCE

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HEARING RESEARCH 1991年第2期55卷 188-194页

作者： HENNING, GB Department of Experimental Psychology Oxford U.K.

Under certain conditions, amplitude discrimination is not a monotonic increasing function of signal-to-noise ratio. The non-monotonicity arises when the tones to be discriminated are presented 180-degrees out-of-phase at the observer's ears and just above their detection 'threshold' in noise that is in-phase at the observer's ears, and with 2-6-dB differences in amplitude.

关键词： frequency coding BINAURAL MASKING AMPLITUDE DISCRIMINATION

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Sensitivity of CaM kinase II to the frequency of Ca²⁺ oscillations:: a simple model

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CELL CALCIUM 2003年第6期34卷 485-497页

作者： Dupont, G Houart, G De Koninck, P Free Univ Brussels Fac Sci Unite Chronobiol Theor B-1050 Brussels Belgium Univ Laval Ctr Rech Dept Biochim & Microbiol Beauport PQ G1J 2G3 Canada

The rules that govern the activation and autophosphorylation of the multifunctional Ca2+-calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) by Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM) are thought to underlie its ability to decode Ca2+ oscillations and to control multiple cellular functions. We propose a simple biophysical model for the activation of CaMKII by Ca2+ and calmodulin. The model describes the transition of the subunits of the kinase between their different possible states (inactive, bound to Ca2+-CaM, phosphorylated at Thr(286), trapped and autonomous). All transitions are described by classical kinetic equations except for the autophosphorylation step, which is modeled in an empirical manner. The model quantitatively reproduces the experimentally demonstrated frequency sensitivity of CaMKII [Science 279 (1998) 227]. We further use the model to investigate the role of several characterized features of the kinase-as well as some that are not easily attainable by experiments-in its frequency-dependent responses. In cellular microdomains, CaMKII is expected to sense very brief Ca2+ spikes;our simulations under such conditions reveal that the enzyme response is tuned to optimal frequencies. This prediction is then confirmed by experimental data. This novel and simple model should help in understanding the rules that govern CaMKII regulation, as well as those involved in decoding intracellular Ca2+ signals. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： CaM kinase II Ca2+ oscillations frequency coding

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Phylogeny, ecomorphological evolution, and historical biogeography of the Anolis cristatellus series

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HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 2004年第1期18卷 90-126页

作者： Brandley, MC De Queiroz, K Univ Oklahoma Sam Noble Oklahoma Mus Nat Hist Norman OK 73072 USA Univ Oklahoma Dept Zool Norman OK 73072 USA Natl Museum Nat Hist Smithsonian Inst Dept Zool Washington DC 20560 USA

To determine the evolutionary relationships within the Anolis cristatellus series, we employed phylogenetic analyses of previously published karyotype and allozyme data as well as newly collected morphological data and mitochondrial DNA sequences (fragments of the 12S RNA and cytochrome b genes). The relationships inferred from continuous maximum likelihood reanalyses of allozyme data were largely poorly supported. A similar analysis of the morphological data gave strong to moderate support for sister relationships of the two included distichoid species, the two trunk-crown species, the grass-bush species A. poncensis and A. pulchellus, and a clade of trunk-ground and grass-bush species. The results of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the 12S, cyt b, and combined mtDNA data sets were largely congruent, but nonetheless exhibit some differences both with one another and with those based on the morphological data. We therefore took advantage of the additive properties of likelihoods to compare alternative phylogenetic trees and determined that the tree inferred from the combined 12S and cyt b data is also the best estimate of the phylogeny for the morphological and mtDNA data sets considered together. We also performed mixed-model Bayesian analyses of the combined morphology and mtDNA data;the resultant tree was topologically identical to the combined mtDNA tree with generally high nodal support. This phylogenetic hypothesis has a basal dichotomy between the Hispa (n) over tilde olan distichoids and the bimaculatus series, on the one hand, and the cristatellus series inhabiting the Puerto Rican Island Bank, its satellite islands, the Bahamas, and St. Croix, on the other. The trunk-crown species form a clade, while the trunk-ground and grass-bush species do not as A. gundlachi, a trunk-ground species, is nested within a clade of grass-bush species. The patterns of relationships among the trunk-ground and grass-bush species suggest that one of these ecomorphs

关键词： Bayesian Caribbean biogeography ecomorphology frequency coding maximum likelihood mixed-model Puerto Rico Bank taxonomy

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coding efficiency and information rates in transmembrane signaling

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BIOSYSTEMS 2000年第1-3期55卷 15-22页

作者： Prank, K Gabbiani, F Brabant, G Hannover Med Sch Computat Endocrinol Grp Dept Clin Endocrinol D-30625 Hannover Germany CALTECH Computat & Neural Syst Program Div Biol 13974 Pasadena CA 91125 USA

A variety of cell types responds to hormonal stimuli by repetitive spikes in the intracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca2 + ](i)) which have been demonstrated to encode information in their frequency, amplitude, and duration. These [Ca2 + ](i)-spike trains ale able to specifically regulate distinct cellular functions. Using a mathematical model for receptor-controlled [Ca-2 (+) ](i) oscillations in hepatocytes we investigate the encoding of fluctuating hormonal signals in [Ca2 + ](i)-spike trains. The transmembrane information transfer is quantified by using an information-theoretic reverse-engineering approach which allows to reconstruct the dynamic hormonal stimulus from the [Ca2 + ](i)-spike trains. This approach allows to estimate the accuracy of coding as well as the rate of transmembrane information transfer. We found that up to 87% of the dynamic stimulus information can be encoded in the [Ca-2 (+) ](i)-spike train at a maximum information transfer rate of 1.1 bit per [Ca2 + ](i)-spike. These numerical results for humoral information transfer are in the same order as in a number of sensory neuronal systems despite several orders of magnitude different time scales of operation suggesting a universal principle of information processing in both biological systems. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： intracellular calcium oscillations hepatocyte stimulus reconstruction information rate frequency coding temporal coding

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Multi-Channel Electrotactile Stimulation System for Touch Substitution: A Case Study 14

Multi-Channel Electrotactile Stimulation System for Touch Su...

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15th International Conference on Synthesis, Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Methods and Applications to Circuit Design (SMACD) / 14th Conference on PhD Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PRIME)

作者： Fares, Hoda Seminara, Lucia Chible, Hussein Dosen, Strahinja Valle, Maurizio Univ Genoa Cosm Lab DITEN Genoa Italy Aalborg Univ Ctr Sensory Motor Interact Aalborg Denmark Lebanese Univ MECRL Lab EDST Beirut Lebanon

ISBN: (纸本)9781538653869

Reconstructing the sense of touch in prosthetics is a long-standing research challenge. To this aim, the prosthesis can be supplied with sensory arrays to measure the tactile interaction with the environment. In addition, a reliable feedback system is required to code and transmit the measured somatosensory information to the residual limb. This paper presents a multichannel electrotactile stimulation interface. Two coding schemes (mixed and uniform coding) were tested to assess the ability of the subject to localize the stimulation (identify the active pad). The outcome measures were position recognition and frequency discrimination. Our preliminary results show high accuracies in discriminating different frequency levels, i.e., 80% for low-level frequencies and 87% for high-level frequencies. In addition, the mixed coding has substantially improved the spatial localization. These are important insights regarding the development of multichannel sensing and stimulation systems for feedback in prosthetics.

关键词： Electrotactile stimulation frequency coding stimulation electrodes restoration of sense of touch somatosensory feedback tactile perception

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Research advances for cochlear implants

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Auris Nasus Larynx 1998年第1期25卷 73-87页

作者： Clark, Graeme M. The Hum. Commun. Research Centre Coop. Res. Ctr. Cochlear Implant S. Melbourne Australia The Bionic Ear Institute Melbourne Australia

Considerable progress has been made with speech processing for multiple- channel cochlear implants, with a mean open-set CNC word score of 40% for electrical stimulation alone for the Nucleus SPEAK strategy. Further advances should be achieved through the following: beam-forming dual microphone systems for hearing in noise;better reproduction of the coding of sound frequencies;and taking advantage of plasticity in the central auditory pathways in young children. The reproduction of frequency coding will be facilitated with speech processors such as the Nucleus 24 system which can provide higher stimulus rates, and a new generation of electrode arrays where a greater number of electrodes lie close to the spiral ganglion cells.

关键词： Auditory nerve Beam-forming Cochlear implants Electrical stimulation frequency coding Plasticity Speech processing

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Design and Analysis of C Shaped Chipless RFID Tag

Design and Analysis of C Shaped Chipless RFID Tag

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International Symposium on Wireless Systems and Networks (ISWSN)

作者： Mumtaz, Maleeha Amber, Syeda Fatima Ejaz, Asma Habib, Ayesha Jafri, Syeda Irum Amin, Yasar Univ Engn & Technol Dept Telecommun Engn Taxila Pakistan

ISBN: (纸本)9781538615560

In this paper, we demonstrate the passive chipless RFID tag having C shaped copper resonators operating in ultra wide band (2.5-5.5 GHz). The efficient bandwidth utilization is performed by using the frequency coding technique. The number of possible unique combinations is 2(10). Measurements and calculations are performed in frequency domain and the results are shown with the help of radar cross section (RCS) plot. The tag design is optimized and analyzed for three different substrates having same compact geometry of 20 x 40 mm(2). The comparative analysis shows that the overall bandwidth of FR4, Rogers RT5880 and Taconic TLX-0 is 2.85 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 2.03 GHz respectively. The proposed tag is a suitable candidate for applications requiring high data capacity with an average tag size and simple resonating structures.

关键词： bandwidth utilization chipless RFID frequency coding radar cross section

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frequency-coded quantum key distribution using amplitude-phase modulation 14

Frequency-coded quantum key distribution using amplitude-pha...

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14th International Conference on Optical Technologies for Telecommunications

作者： Morozov, Oleg G. Gabdulkhakov, Il'daris M. Morozov, Gennady A. Zagrieva, Aida R. Sarvarova, Lutsia M. Kazan Natl Res Tech Univ Dept Radiophoton & Microwave Tech R&D Inst Appl Electrodynam Photon & Living Syst 10 K Marx St Kazan 420111 RT Russia PJSC Tattelecom 57 N Ershova St Kazan 420061 RT Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781510600485

Design principals of universal microwave photonics system for quantum key distribution with frequency coding are concerned. Its concept is based on the possibility of creating the multi-functional units to implement the most commonly used technologies of frequency coding: amplitude, phase and combined amplitude-phase modulation and re-modulation of optical carrier. The characteristics of advanced systems based on classical approaches and prospects of their development using a combination of amplitude modulation and phase commutation are discussed. These are the valuations how to build advanced systems with frequency coding quantum key distribution, including at their symmetric and asymmetric constructions, using of the mechanisms of the photon polarization states passive detection, based on the filters for wavelength division multiplexing of modulated optical carrier side components.

关键词： quantum cryptography quantum key distribution system frequency coding microwave photonics amplitude modulation phase modulation combined amplitude and phase modulation combined amplitude modulation and phase commutation

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