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ACM COMPUTING SURVEYS 2013年第4期45卷 52-52页

作者： Bainomugisha, Engineer Carreton, Andoni Lombide Van Cutsem, Tom Mostinckx, Stijn De Meuter, Wolfgang Vrije Univ Brussel Software Languages Lab B-1050 Brussels Belgium

reactive programming has recently gained popularity as a paradigm that is well-suited for developing event-driven and interactive applications. It facilitates the development of such applications by providing abstractions to express time-varying values and automatically managing dependencies between such values. A number of approaches have been recently proposed embedded in various languages such as Haskell, Scheme, JavaScript, Java,. NET, etc. This survey describes and provides a taxonomy of existing reactive programming approaches along six axes: representation of time-varying values, evaluation model, lifting operations, multidirectionality, glitch avoidance, and support for distribution. From this taxonomy, we observe that there are still open challenges in the field of reactive programming. For instance, multidirectionality is supported only by a small number of languages, which do not automatically track dependencies between time-varying values. Similarly, glitch avoidance, which is subtle in reactive programs, cannot be ensured in distributed reactive programs using the current techniques.

关键词： Design Languages reactive programming interactive applications event-driven applications dataflow programming functional reactive programming reactive systems

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Piglets to the rescue: Declarative User Interface Specification with Pluggable View Models 13

Piglets to the rescue: Declarative User Interface Specificat...

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Proceedings of the 25th symposium on Implementation and Application of functional Languages

作者： Loïc Denuzière Ernesto Rodriguez Adam Granicz IntelliFactory

ISBN: (纸本)9781450329880

This paper introduces Pluggable Interactive GUI-lets (or Piglets, for short) as a means for constructing reusable, reactive graphical user interfaces that can be instantiated over different view models and presentation layers. Piglets therefore provide an attractive alternative for pragmatic user interface specification that can target multiple content delivery channels from the same declarative, type-safe user interface definition, keeping programmers happy and highly productive.

关键词： GUI functional reactive programming F# WebSharper Piglets

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Wormholes: Introducing Effects to FRP

Wormholes: Introducing Effects to FRP

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2012 Haskell Symposium

作者： Winograd-Cort, Daniel Hudak, Paul Yale Univ New Haven CT 06520 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450315746

functional reactive programming (FRP) is a useful model for programming real-time and reactive systems in which one defines a signal function to process a stream of input values into a stream of output values. However, performing side effects (e. g. memory mutation or input/output) in this model is tricky and typically unsafe. In previous work, Winograd-Cort et al. [2012] introduced resource types and wormholes to address this problem. This paper better motivates, expands upon, and formalizes the notion of a wormhole to fully unlock its potential. We show, for example, that wormholes can be used to define the concept of causality. This in turn allows us to provide behaviors such as looping, a core component of most languages, without building it directly into the language. We also improve upon our previous design by making wormholes less verbose and easier to use. To formalize the notion of a wormhole, we define an extension to the simply typed lambda calculus, complete with typing rules and operational semantics. In addition, we present a new form of semantic transition that we call a temporal transition to specify how an FRP program behaves over time and to allow us to better reason about causality. As our model is designed for a Haskell implementation, the semantics are lazy. Finally, with the language defined, we prove that our wormholes indeed allow side effects to be performed safely in an FRP framework.

关键词： Design Languages functional reactive programming Arrows Resource Types Stream Processing Side Effects Causality

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Frenetic: A Network programming Language 11

Frenetic: A Network Programming Language

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16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on functional programming (ICFP 11)

作者： Foster, Nate Harrison, Rob Freedman, Michael J. Monsanto, Christopher Rexford, Jennifer Story, Alec Walker, David Cornell Univ Ithaca NY 14853 USA Princeton Univ Princeton NJ 08544 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450308656

Modern networks provide a variety of interrelated services including routing, traffic monitoring, load balancing, and access control. Unfortunately, the languages used to program today's networks lack modern features-they are usually defined at the low level of abstraction supplied by the underlying hardware and they fail to provide even rudimentary support for modular programming. As a result, network programs tend to be complicated, error-prone, and difficult to maintain. This paper presents Frenetic, a high-level language for programming distributed collections of network switches. Frenetic provides a declarative query language for classifying and aggregating network traffic as well as a functional reactive combinator library for describing high-level packet-forwarding policies. Unlike prior work in this domain, these constructs are-by design-fully compositional, which facilitates modular reasoning and enables code reuse. This important property is enabled by Frenetic's novel run-time system which manages all of the details related to installing, uninstalling, and querying low-level packet-processing rules on physical switches. Overall, this paper makes three main contributions: (1) We analyze the state-of-the art in languages for programming networks and identify the key limitations;(2) We present a language design that addresses these limitations, using a series of examples to motivate and validate our choices;(3) We describe an implementation of the language and evaluate its performance on several benchmarks.

关键词： Languages Design Network programming languages domain-specific languages functional reactive programming OpenFlow

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A Semantic Model for Graphical User Interfaces 11

A Semantic Model for Graphical User Interfaces

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16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on functional programming (ICFP 11)

作者： Krishnaswami, Neelakantan R. Benton, Nick Microsoft Research Cambridge United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9781450308656

We give a denotational model for graphical user interface (GUI) programming using the Cartesian closed category of ultrametric spaces. The ultrametric structure enforces causality restrictions on reactive systems and allows well-founded recursive definitions by a generalization of guardedness. We capture the arbitrariness of user input (e. g., a user gets to decide the stream of clicks she sends to a program) by making use of the fact that the closed subsets of an ultrametric space themselves form an ultrametric space, allowing us to interpret nondeterminism with a "powerspace" monad. Algebras for the powerspace monad yield a model of intuitionistic linear logic, which we exploit in the definition of a mixed linear/non-linear domain-specific language for writing GUI programs. The non-linear part of the language is used for writing reactive stream-processing functions whilst the linear sublanguage naturally captures the generativity and usage constraints on the various linear objects in GUIs, such as the elements of a DOM or scene graph. We have implemented this DSL as an extension to OCaml, and give examples demonstrating that programs in this style can be short and readable.

关键词： Languages Theory Design denotational semantics ultrametric spaces functional reactive programming guarded recursion linear logic

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Verifying Event-Driven Programs using Ramified Frame Properties

Verifying Event-Driven Programs using Ramified Frame Propert...

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5th ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Types in Language Design and Implementation

作者： Krishnaswami, Neelakantan R. Birkedal, Lars Aldrich, Jonathan Microsoft Research IT University of Copenhagen Denmark Carnegie Mellon University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781605588919

Interactive programs, such as GUIs or spreadsheets, often maintain dependency information over dynamically-created networks of objects. That is, each imperative object tracks not only the objects its own invariant depends on, but also all of the objects which depend upon it, in order to notify them when it changes. These bidirectional linkages pose a serious challenge to verification, because their correctness relies upon a global invariant over the object graph. We show how to modularly verify programs written using dynamically-generated bidirectional dependency information. The critical idea is to distinguish between the footprint of a command, and the state whose invariants depends upon the footprint. To do so, we define an application-specific semantics of updates, and introduce the concept of a ramification operator to explain how local changes can alter our knowledge of the rest of the heap. We illustrate the applicability of this style of proof with a case study from functional reactive programming, and formally justify reasoning about an extremely imperative implementation as if it were pure.

关键词： separation logic frame rule ramification problem dataflow functional reactive programming subject-observer

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Causal Commutative Arrows and Their Optimization

Causal Commutative Arrows and Their Optimization

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14th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on functional programming

作者： Liu, Hai Cheng, Eric Hudak, Paul Yale Univ Dept Comp Sci New Haven CT 06520 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583327

Arrows are a popular form of abstract computation. Being more general than monads, they are more broadly applicable, and in particular are a good abstraction for signal processing and dataflow computations. Most notably, arrows form the basis for a domain specific language called Yampa, which has been used in a variety of concrete applications, including animation, robotics, sound synthesis, control systems, and graphical user interfaces. Our primary interest is in better understanding the class of abstract computations captured by Yampa. Unfortunately, arrows are not concrete enough to do this with precision. To remedy this situation we introduce the concept of commutative arrows that capture a kind of non-interference property of concurrent computations. We also add an init operator, and identify a crucial law that captures the causal nature of arrow effects. We call the resulting computational model causal commutative arrows. To study this class of computations in more detail, we define an extension to the simply typed lambda calculus called causal commutative arrows (CCA), and study its properties. Our key contribution is the identification of a normal form for CCA called causal commutative normal form (CCNF). By defining a normalization procedure we have developed an optimization strategy that yields dramatic improvements in performance over conventional implementations of arrows. We have implemented this technique in Haskell, and conducted benchmarks that validate the effectiveness of our approach. When combined with stream fusion, the overall methodology can result in speed-ups of greater than two orders of magnitude.

关键词： Languages Performance Theory functional programming Arrows functional reactive programming Dataflow Language Stream Processing Program Optimization

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Flapjax: A programming Language for Ajax Applications 09

Flapjax: A Programming Language for Ajax Applications

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24th Annual ACM Conference on Object-Oriented programming, Systems, Languages and Applications

作者： Meyerovich, Leo A. Guha, Arjun Baskin, Jacob Cooper, Gregory H. Greenberg, Michael Bromfield, Aleks Krishnamurthi, Shriram Univ Calif Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA Brown Univ Providence RI 02912 USA Univ Penn Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Microsoft Corp Redmond WA 98052 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605587660

This paper presents Flapjax, a language designed for contemporary Web applications. These applications communicate with servers and have rich, interactive interfaces. Flapjax provides two key features that simplify writing these applications. First, it provides event streams, a uniform abstraction for communication within a program as well as with external Web services. Second, the language itself is reactive: it automatically tracks data dependencies and propagates updates along those dataflows. This allows developers to write reactive interfaces in a declarative and compositional style. Flapjax is built on top of JavaScript. It runs on unmodified browsers and readily interoperates with existing JavaScript code. It is usable as either a programming language ( that is compiled to JavaScript) or as a JavaScript library, and is designed for both uses. This paper presents the language, its design decisions, and illustrative examples drawn from several working Flapjax applications.

关键词： Languages Design JavaScript Web programming functional reactive programming

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Switched-on yampa - Declarative programming of modular synthesizers

Switched-on yampa - Declarative programming of modular synth...

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10th International Symposium on Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages

作者： Giorgidze, George Nilsson, Henrik Univ Nottingham Sch Comp Sci Nottingham NG7 2RD England

ISBN: (纸本)9783540774419

In this paper, we present an implementation of a modular synthesizer in Haskell using Yampa. A synthesizer, be it a hardware instrument or a pure software implementation, as here, is said to be modular if it provides sound-generating and sound-shaping components that can be interconnected in arbitrary ways. Yampa, a Haskell-embedded implementation of functional reactive programming, supports flexible, purely declarative construction of hybrid systems. Since music is a hybrid continuous-time and discrete-time phenomenon, Yampa is a good fit for such applications, offering some unique possibilities compared to most languages targeting music or audio applications. Through the presentation of our synthesizer application, we demonstrate this point and provide insight into the Yampa approach to programming reactive, hybrid systems. We develop the synthesizer gradually, starting with fundamental synthesizer components and ending with an application that is capable of rendering a standard MIDI file as audio with respectable performance.

关键词： functional reactive programming synchronous dataflow languages hybrid systems computer music

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Supporting the Creation of Dynamic, Interactive Virtual Environments 07

Supporting the Creation of Dynamic, Interactive Virtual Envi...

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ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology

作者： Blom, Kristopher J. Beckhaus, Steffi Univ Hamburg Hamburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781595938633

Virtual Reality's expanding adoption makes the creation of more interesting dynamic, interactive environments necessary in order to meet the expectations of users accustomed to modern computer games. In this paper, we present initial explorations of using the recently developed functional reactive programming paradigm to support the creation of such environments. The functional reactive programming paradigm supports these actions by providing tools that match both the user's perception of the dynamics of the world and the underlying hybrid nature of such environments. Continuous functions with explicit time dependencies describe the dynamic behaviors of the environment and discrete event mechanisms provide for modifying the active behaviors of the environment. Initial examples show how this paradigm can be used to control dynamic, interactive Virtual Environments.

关键词： Interactive Dynamic Virtual Environments Virtual Reality functional reactive programming

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