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hierarchical coding OF BINARY IMAGES

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 1985年第3期7卷 284-298页

作者： COHEN, Y LANDY, MS PAVEL, M STANFORD UNIV DEPT PSYCHOLSTANFORDCA 94305 NYU DEPT PSYCHOLHUMAN INFORMAT PROC LABNEW YORKNY 10003

Quadtrees are a compact hierarchical method of representation of images. In this paper, we explore a number of hierarchical image representations as applied to binary images, of which quadtrees are a single exemplar. We discuss quadtrees, binary trees, and an adaptive hierarchical method. Extending these methods into the third dimension of time results in several other methods. All of these methods are discussed in terms of time complexity, worst case and average compression of random images, and compression results on binary images derived from natural scenes. The results indicate that quadtrees are the most effective for two-dimensional images, but the adaptive algorithms are more effective for dynamic image sequences.","doi":"10.1109/TPAMI.1985.4767657","publicationTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","startPage":"284","endPage":"298","rightsLink":"http://***/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ieee&publication=0162-8828&title=hierarchical+coding+of+Binary+Images&isbn=&publicationDate=May+1985&author=Yoav+Cohen&ContentID=10.1109/TPAMI.1985.4767657&orderBeanReset=true&startPage=284&endPage=298&volumeNum=PAMI-7&issueNum=3","displayPublicationTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","pdfPath":"/iel5/34/4767650/***","keywords":[{"type":"IEEE Keywords","kwd":["Image coding","Image processing","Image representation","Layout","Image segmentation","Image analysis","Psychology","Binary trees","Adaptive algorithm","Image sequences"]},{"type":"Author Keywords ","kwd":["quadtrees","Binary images","hierarchical coding","image coding","image compression","image processing"]}],"allowComments":false,"pubLink":"/xpl/***?punumber=34","issueLink":"/xpl/***?isnumber=4767650","standardTitle":"hierarchical coding of Binary Images

关键词： Image coding Image processing Image representation Layout Image segmentation Image analysis Psychology Binary trees Adaptive algorithm Image sequences Author Keywords quadtrees Binary images hierarchical coding image coding image compression image processing

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Block-based frequency scalable technique for efficient hierarchical coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 2006年第7期54卷 2559-2566页

作者： Lee, Jooheung Vijaykrishnan, Narayanan Irwin, Mary Jane Chandramouli, Rajarathnam Penn State Univ Embedded & Mobile Comp Design Ctr University Pk PA 16802 USA Stevens Inst Technol Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

In this paper, we propose a block-based frequency scalable technique for efficient hierarchical coding. The proposed technique divides an image into its multiple resolution versions, based on the spectral properties of discrete cosine transform (DCT) kernels. We present that spectral decomposition, downsampling, and DCT operations are performed effectively over input DCT coefficients of one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) signals by using the proposed transform matrices. The proposed image coder is observed to reduce the computational complexity and the memory buffer size with a higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), when compared with the traditional hierarchical image coder. In addition, the proposed architecture can preserve compatibility easily with the previous DCT-based image coder.

关键词： discrete cosine transform (DCT) hierarchical coding image/video coding scalable coding

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An integrated multiple access and hierarchical coding scheme for video communication on wireless networks

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EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS 2000年第4期11卷 373-382页

作者： Bolla, R Iscra, A Marchese, M Nobile, C Zappatore, S Univ Genoa Dept Commun Comp & Syst Sci I-16145 Genoa Italy

A Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol of the Reservation Random Access (RRA) family is integrated with a hierarchial video-coding scheme, to realize effective real-time video services over the up-link of a mobile wireless network. For every picture or for each group of contiguous pictures (GOP), the encoder generates an information lion set organized in hierarchical layered structure. The base layer contains the information needed to a low quality video;the others layers contain data, which, if received and decoded, can enhance the video quality. The basic idea is to reserve bandwidth only to grant the transmission of base layer information, and modify the MAC scheme to manage the video enhancement data together with voice/data streams, by adaptively transmitting the incremental video information only if the performances of other traffic classes will not drop below a certain threshold. The aim of this proposal is the improvement of the video stream quality in low load conditions, without a significant reduction of other traffic classes performance during high load periods. Several simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： multiple access hierarchical coding video communications Wireless networks

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Low-complexity reversible data hiding in encrypted image via MSB hierarchical coding and LSB compression

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MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS 2021年第3期27卷 317-330页

作者： Cao, Fang Qian, Xiaokang An, Bowen Shanghai Maritime Univ Coll Informat Engn Shanghai 201306 Peoples R China Univ Shanghai Sci & Technol Sch Opt Elect & Comp Engn Shanghai 200093 Peoples R China

Recently, reversible data hiding in encrypted image (RDHEI) has attracted extensive attention, which can be used in secure cloud computing and privacy protection effectively. In this paper, a low-complexity RDHEI scheme based on MSB hierarchical coding and LSB compression is proposed. Content owner first utilizes a specific encryption method, including pixel encrypting, block, and pixel scrambling, to encrypt original image, which not only can reserve the redundancy, but also can mask image contents securely. Through hierarchical encoding MSBs of different types of image blocks and compressing LSBs, data hider can embed additional data into encrypted image effectively. Separable operations of data extraction, image decryption, and image recovery can be conducted on the receiver side based on encryption key and data-hiding key. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme can achieve better rate-distortion performance than some of state-of-the-art schemes.

关键词： Reversible data hiding Image encryption hierarchical coding LSB compression

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Performance of multistage vector quantization in hierarchical coding

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EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS 2004年第4期15卷 363-372页

作者： Erdmann, C Vary, P Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Inst Commun Syst & Data Proc D-52056 Aachen Germany

How much performance penalty does a hierarchical coder based on multistage vector quantization (MSVQ) suffer compared to a non-hierarchical coder based on fixed rate VQ? In this paper, the above question shall be answered from a rate-distortion theoretic perspective. We analyze several results from high-rate or asymptotic quantization theory and use them to specify an upper bound on the MSVQ penalty in terms of mean square error (MSE) distortion. The theoretical results are used to gain more analytic insight in hierarchical coding systems based on a multistage coding approach. Although entirely based on high-rate assumptions, in practice this bound also applies for relatively small rates as shown by experiment. Copyright (C) 2004 AEI.

关键词： Rate distortion based on hierarchical coding penalty ENCODER multistage vector quantization Vector quantization Uppers

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A novel hierarchical coding algorithm based on multi-subsample and the all phase IDCT interpolation

A novel hierarchical coding algorithm based on multi-subsamp...

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7th Conference on Mathematics of Data/Image coding, Compression, and Encryption

作者： Hou, ZX Guo, XJ Yang, X Tianjin Univ Sch Elect Informat Engn Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)0819454990

This paper proposes a novel hierarchical coding algorithm based on the All Phase IDCT (APIDCT) interpolation. The All Phase Digital Filter (APDF) is a new type of linear phase filter. For a data vector with a length of N obtained by blocking a signal, there are N different phase data blocks that include the same sampling point. Through taking the mean of the N values as the filtering output, the APDF can eliminate different meanings of the orthogonal transform filtering values of those data vectors and thereby the block effect. According to this idea, this paper deduces the formula of two-dimension APIDCT. Then, this paper compares the performances of several kinds of APDF and demonstrates that the APIDCT filter has the best performance in image interpolation. By combining the interpolation with multi-subsampling and adaptive arithmetic coding, a simple hierarchical image-coding algorithm is shaped up. Ibis technique can be used to scalable coding in spatial resolution. The simulation results show that the compression ratio and restored image quality better than JPEG compression can be achieved by only three layers, and no block effect has been found even in high compression ratio.

关键词： All Phase IDCT (APIDCT) interpolation multi-subsample residual hierarchical coding

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hierarchical coding technique based on all phase IDCT interpolation

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Dianzi Yu Xinxi Xuebao/Journal of Electronics and Information Technology 2005年第6期27卷 865-869页

作者： Hou, Zheng-Xin Guo, Xu-Jing Yang, Xi School of Electronic Information Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China

This paper proposes a hierarchical coding technique based on the All Phase Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (APIDCT) interpolation. The All Phase Digital Filter (APDF) is a new type of linear phase filter. This paper compares the performances of several kinds of APDF and demonstrates that the APIDCT filter has the best performance in image interpolation. By combining the interpolation filter with multi-subsampling and adaptive arithmetic coding, a simple hierarchical image coding method is shaped up. This technique can be used to scalable coding in spatial resolution. Simulation results show that the compression ratio and restored image quality better than JPEG[1] compression can be achieved by only three layers, and no block effect is found even in high compression ratio.

关键词： All Phase Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (APIDCT) hierarchical coding Interpolation Multi-subsample Residual

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An effective hierarchical image coding approach with Hilbert scanning

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEM ASSURANCE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2023年 1-6页

作者： Krishna, V. Mohan, K. V. Murali Banala, Rajesh Srinivas, B. Sunil TKR Coll Engn & Technol Dept CSE Hyderabad Telangana India Teegala Krishna Reddy Engn Coll Dept ECE Hyderabad Telangana India

Due to the rapid growth in the data acquired by the acquisition devices throws a challenge to propose efficient compression algorithm. Compression of digital images aims to transform the image into more compact form which is convenient for storage, transmission, processing and retrieval. This paper presents an effective and low computation complexity based image compression approach with hierarchical coding using Hilbert transform. The presented Hilbert transform based scanning with hierarchical coding is compared against state of art image coders and the experimental results with standard dataset images shows that the method yields higher metrical values than earlier methods. It can be concluded from the average of the results that PSNR is increased by 0.6 dB on average with respect to JPEG 2000 and similar to 2 dB with respect to SPIHT method. In a similar manner, the MSE and RMSE values are very low (0.78 units). The SSIM and correlation coefficient are utmost higher (0.99 units). These depict the high quality of the reconstructed compressed image.

关键词： Image compression Hilbert scanning hierarchical coding Hilbert transform

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hierarchical VIDEO coding SCHEME USING MEAN-SEPARATED NORMALIZED VECTOR QUANTIZATION

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART I-COMMUNICATIONS 1994年第12期77卷 23-36页

作者： HANAMURA, T SEKIGUCHI, S TOMINAGA, H School of Science and Engineering Electronics and Communications Department Waseda University Tokyo Japan 169

A highly effective video coding method is proposed for application in a wide range of fields that utilize video information and in multimedia systems where data must be easily manipulated. The proposed video coding scheme is a hierarchical system that uses vector quantization and which also incorporates many of the basic coding components of the internationally standardized low-rate MPEG 1 coding system. In addition to providing the special data handling operations of MPEG 1, the new system incorporates a multiresolution hierarchical decomposition that permits the user to select a desired resolution level at the decoder. Source coding is achieved with mean-separated normalized vector quantization applied to image blocks that contain fundamental image patterns. However, instead of using separate codebooks for each of the different prediction modes of the coding system, this paper shows that it is possible for various prediction modes to share codebooks to achieve a more efficient implementation. The coding efficiency of the new system is estimated and compared with the performance of a DCT based system. Although the signal-to-noise ratio of the VQ system falls short by 0.5 to 1.2 dB, subjectively, the two coding systems give about the same performance. Methods for improving the quantitative signal-to-noise ratio performance are also considered.

关键词： VIDEO coding MEAN-SEPARATED NORMALIZED VECTOR QUANTIZATION hierarchical coding SCALABILITY HIGH-DEFINITION VIDEO coding

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hierarchical VIDEO coding SCHEME WITH SCALABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART I-COMMUNICATIONS 1994年第3期77卷 25-40页

作者： HANAMURA, T SEKIGUCHI, SI KAMEYAMA, W TOMINAGA, H MITSUBISHI ELECTR CORP ELECTR COMMUN SYST LABSITAMIHYOGO 664JAPAN

In this paper, functional requirements for the MPEG 2 coding method are presented and, as an implementation method of these requirements, a hierarchical video coding scheme is proposed. in the proposed coding method, the prediction efficiency is increased by introducing spatial prediction in addition to temporal prediction as used in the MPEG 1 coding method. The hierarchical scheme is also characterized by the following features. (1) The input format is an output device-independent noninterlaced video;(2) the coder has a hierarchical structure that permits the resolution level to be selected by the user;(3) by means of a small number of operations and a wide compensation area, the coder gives a motion-detection method which detects motion vectors of each layer and a coding method of motion vectors;and (4) the proposed coding system introduces the use of down/up sampling processes with no phase distortion. Furthermore, the coding data description method is realized as an extension of that used by MPEG 1 and thus retains the compatibility. Simulation experiments show that this coding method satisfies the functional requirements without any obvious decrease in coding efficiency.

关键词： VIDEO coding hierarchical coding ATM coding PROGRESSIVE SCAN SIGNALS hierarchical MOTION DETECTION

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