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hierarchical predictive coding-Based JND Estimation for Image Compression

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2021年 30卷 487-500页

作者： Wang, Hongkui Yu, Li Liang, Junhui Yin, Haibing Li, Tiansong Wang, Shengwei Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Coll Elect Informat Engn Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Sch Commun Engn Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China

The human visual system (HVS) is a hierarchical system, in which visual signals are processed hierarchically. In this paper, the HVS is modeled as a three-level communication system and visual perception is divided into three stages according to the hierarchical predictive coding theory. Then, a novel just noticeable distortion (JND) estimation scheme is proposed. In visual perception, the input signals are predicted constantly and spontaneously in each hierarchy, and neural response is evoked by the central residue and inhibited by surrounding residues. These two types' residues are regarded as the positive and negative visual incentives which cause positive and negative perception effects, respectively. In neuroscience, the effect of incentive on observer is measured by the surprise of this incentive. Thus, we propose a surprise-based measurement method to measure both perception effects. Specifically, considering the biased competition of visual attention, we define the product of the residue self-information (i.e., surprise) and the competition biases as the perceptual surprise to measure the positive perception effect. As for the negative perception effect, it is measured by the average surprise (i.e., the local Shannon entropy). The JND threshold of each stage is estimated individually by considering both perception effects. The total JND threshold is finally obtained by non-linear superposition of three stage thresholds. Furthermore, the proposed JND estimation scheme is incorporated into the codec of Versatile Video coding for image compression. Experimental results show that the proposed JND model outperforms the relevant existing ones, and over 16% of bit rate can be reduced without jeopardizing the perceptual quality.

关键词： Visualization Estimation Visual perception predictive coding Image coding predictive models Neurons JND estimation hierarchical predictive coding positive and negative incentives masking effects VVC

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Habitual and Reflective Control in hierarchical predictive coding 21st

Habitual and Reflective Control in Hierarchical Predictive C...

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21st Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML PKDD)

作者： Kinghorn, Paul F. Millidge, Beren Buckley, Christopher L. Univ Sussex Sch Engn & Informat Brighton E Sussex England Univ Oxford MRC Brain Networks Dynam Unit Oxford England

ISBN: (纸本)9783030937362;9783030937355

In cognitive science, behaviour is often separated into two types. Reflexive control is habitual and immediate, whereas reflective is deliberative and time consuming. We examine the argument that hierarchical predictive coding (HPC) can explain both types of behaviour as a continuum operating across a multi-layered network, removing the need for separate circuits in the brain. On this view, "fast" actions may be triggered using only the lower layers of the HPC schema, whereas more deliberative actions need higher layers. We demonstrate that HPC can distribute learning throughout its hierarchy, with higher layers called into use only as required.

关键词： hierarchical predictive coding Decision making Action selection

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Can hierarchical predictive coding explain binocular rivalry?

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PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021年第3期34卷 424-444页

作者： Haas, Julia Australian Natl Univ Sch Philosophy Canberra ACT Australia

Explanation of binocular rivalry is taken as a classic illustration of hierarchical predictive coding's explanatory power. I revisit the account and show that it cannot explain the role of reward in binocular rivalry. I show that a modified version of the predictive processing approach may account for the role of reward by recasting it as a form of optimism bias. Accepting this account, however, is at odds with the epistemic commitments favored by proponents of hierarchical predictive coding.

关键词： hierarchical predictive coding binocular Rivalry reward

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Predicted missing information biases ensemble perception of temporally ordered facial expressions

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2025年第1期15卷 1-14页

作者： Lu, Jiahao Wang, Jun Zhejiang Normal Univ Sch Psychol Jinhua 321001 Zhejiang Peoples R China Zhejiang Normal Univ Zhejiang Philosophy & Social Sci Lab Mental Hlth Jinhua 321001 Zhejiang Peoples R China

By observing dynamically changing facial expressions, humans can use a specialized capacity known as ensemble coding to effortlessly obtain a summary representation of an individual's emotional state. However, few studies have examined whether the missing expression informed by the statistical regularity in the changing facial expressions can be sampled and then influence the perceptual averaging process. In Experiment 1a and 1b, we manipulated the amount of prior information from local regularity by varying the position of the missing expression in the temporal sequence (1a: Neutral to Disgust and/or Disgust to Neutral,1b: Neutral to Happy and/or Happy to Neutral) within a trial. Results showed that ensemble estimates were towards the mean of expressions including both the presented and the missing faces, only when sufficient predictability (e.g. a missing expression in the late position) informed by local regularity. In Experiment 2, we added prior information from global regularities to help boost the predictability of an early missing expression by keeping the emotional direction consistent in a block. However, estimates were not towards the mean of expressions including both the presented and the missing expressions as expected. Although the generalizability may be limited, these findings suggest that prior information at different levels of hierarchical predictive coding may exert qualitatively different influences on the perceptual averaging of temporally ordered facial expressions with missing items.

关键词： Missing information Ensemble coding hierarchical predictive coding

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Dynamic causal modelling of effective connectivity during perspective taking in a communicative task

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NEUROIMAGE 2013年第1期76卷 116-124页

作者： Hillebrandt, Hauke Dumontheil, Iroise Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne Roiser, Jonathan P. UCL Inst Cognit Neurosci London WC1N 3AR England

Previous studies have shown that taking into account another person's perspective to guide decisions is more difficult when their perspective is incongruent from one's own compared to when it is congruent. Here we used dynamic causal modelling (DCM) for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate effective connectivity between prefrontal and posterior brain regions in a task that requires participants to take into account another person's perspective in order to guide the selection of an action. Using a new procedure to score model evidence without computationally costly estimation, we conducted an exhaustive search for the best of all possible models. The results elucidate how the activity in the areas from our previously reported analysis (Dumontheil et al., 2010) are causally linked and how the connections are modulated by both the social as well as executive task demands of the task. We find that the social demands modulate the backward connections from the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) more strongly than the forward connections from the superior occipital gyrus (SOG) and the medial temporal gyrus (MTG) to the MPFC. This was also the case for the backward connection from the MTG to the SOG. Conversely, the executive task demands modulated the forward connections of the SOG and the MTG to the MPFC more strongly than the backward connections. We interpret the results in terms of hierarchical predictive coding. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Dynamic causal modelling Effective connectivity Theory of mind Perspective taking Social brain Exhaustive modelling hierarchical predictive coding

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Attentional modulation of neural dynamics in tactile perception of complex regional pain syndrome patients

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 2021年第4期54卷 5601-5619页

作者： Defina, Serena Niedernhuber, Maria Shenker, Nicholas Brown, Christopher A. Bekinschtein, Tristan A. Univ Cambridge Dept Psychol Consciousness & Cognit Lab Cambridge England Cambridge Univ Hosp NHS Fdn Trust Addenbrookes Hosp Dept Rheumatol Cambridge England Univ Liverpool Dept Psychol Sci Liverpool Merseyside England

Body perceptual disturbances are an increasingly acknowledged set of symptoms and possible clinical markers of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), but the neurophysiological and neurocognitive changes that underlie them are still far from being clear. We adopted a multivariate and neurodynamical approach to the analysis of EEG modulations evoked by touch to highlight differences between patients and healthy controls, between affected and unaffected side of the body, and between "passive" (i.e., no task demands and equiprobable digit stimulation) and "active" tactile processing (i.e., where a digit discrimination task was administered and spatial probability manipulated). When correct identifications are considered, an early reduction in cortical decodability (28-56 ms) distinguishes CRPS patients from healthy volunteers. However, when error trials are included in the classifier's training, there is an unexpected increased decodability in the CRPS group compared with healthy volunteers (280-320 ms). These group differences in neural processing seemed to be driven by the affected rather than the unaffected side. We corroborated these findings with several exploratory analyses of neural representation dynamics and behavioural modelling, highlighting the need for single participant analyses. Although several limitations impacted the robustness and generalizability of these comparisons, the proposed analytical approach yielded promising insights (as well as possible biomarkers based on neural dynamics) into the relatively unexplored alterations of tactile decision-making and attentional control mechanisms in chronic CRPS.

关键词： CRPS EEG hierarchical predictive coding multivariate analysis perceptual disturbances

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Stereotypes, theory of mind, and the action-prediction hierarchy

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SYNTHESE 2019年第7期196卷 2821-2846页

作者： Westra, Evan Univ Rochester Dept Philosophy 532 Lattimore HallPOB 270078 Rochester NY 14627 USA

Both mindreading and stereotyping are forms of social cognition that play a pervasive role in our everyday lives, yet too little attention has been paid to the question of how these two processes are related. This paper offers a theory of the influence of stereotyping on mental-state attribution that draws on hierarchical predictive coding accounts of action prediction. It is argued that the key to understanding the relation between stereotyping and mindreading lies in the fact that stereotypes centrally involve character-trait attributions, which play a systematic role in the action-prediction hierarchy. On this view, when we apply a stereotype to an individual, we rapidly attribute to her a cluster of generic character traits on the basis of her perceived social group membership. These traits are then used to make inferences about that individual's likely beliefs and desires, which in turn inform inferences about her behavior.

关键词： Theory of mind Stereotyping Social cognition Psychological essentialism hierarchical predictive coding

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A generative framework for the study of delusions

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SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH 2022年 245卷 42-49页

作者： Erdmann, Tore Mathys, Christoph Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati SISSA Via Bonomea 265 I-34136 Trieste Italy Aarhus Univ Interacting Minds Ctr Jens Chr Skous Vej 4 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark Univ Zurich Inst Biomed Engn Translat Neuromodeling Unit TNU Wilfriedstr 6 CH-8032 Zurich Switzerland Swiss Fed Inst Technol Wilfriedstr 6 CH-8032 Zurich Switzerland

Despite the ubiquity of delusional information processing in psychopathology and everyday life, formal charac-terizations of such inferences are lacking. In this article, we propose a generative framework that entails a com-putational mechanism which, when implemented in a virtual agent and given new information, generates belief updates (i.e., inferences about the hidden causes of the information) that resemble those seen in individuals with delusions. We introduce a particular form of Dirichlet process mixture model with a sampling-based Bayesian in-ference algorithm. This procedure, depending on the setting of a single parameter, preferentially generates highly precise (i.e. over-fitting) explanations, which are compartmentalized and thus can co-exist despite being incon-sistent with each other. Especially in ambiguous situations, this can provide the seed for delusional ideation. Fur-ther, we show by simulation how the excessive generation of such over-precise explanations leads to new information being integrated in away that does not lead to a revision of established beliefs. In all configurations, whether delusional or not, the inference generated by our algorithm corresponds to Bayesian inference. Further-more, the algorithm is fully compatible with hierarchical predictive coding. By virtue of these properties, the pro-posed model provides a basis for the empirical study and a step toward the characterization of the aberrant inferential processes underlying delusions.(c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://***/licenses/by/4.0/).

关键词： Delusion Dirichlet process hierarchical predictive coding Auxiliary hypothesis Epistemic trust

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Traits, beliefs and dispositions in a pluralistic folk psychology

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SYNTHESE 2021年第6期198卷 5395-5413页

作者： Ghijsen, Harmen Radboud Univ Nijmegen Fac Philosophy Theol & Religious Studies Erasmuspl 1POB 9103 NL-6500 HD Nijmegen Netherlands

According to pluralistic folk psychology (PFP) we make use of a variety of methods to predict and explain each other, only one of which makes use of attributing propositional attitudes. I discuss three related problems for this view: first, the prediction problem, according to which (some of) PFP's methods of prediction only work if they also assume a tacit attribution of propositional attitudes;second, the interaction problem, according to which PFP cannot explain how its different methods of prediction and explanation can interact;and third, the difference problem, according to which PFP cannot explain how all of its methods are truly different if it also assumes a dispositionalist account of belief. I argue that a promising solution to these problems should not overestimate the importance and ubiquity of propositional attitude attribution even if the difference between propositional attitude attribution and other types of attribution is a matter of degree rather than kind. Instead, a solution should be sought in a better appreciation of the breadth of folk psychological theorizing and the way in which this can be incorporated into model theory.

关键词： Theory of mind Pluralistic folk psychology Social cognition hierarchical predictive coding Character traits Model theory Dispositionalism

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Preventing Deterioration of Classification Accuracy in predictive coding Networks 1

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3rd International Workshop on Active Inference (IWAI)

作者： Kinghorn, Paul F. Millidge, Beren Buckley, Christopher L. Univ Sussex Sch Engn & Informat Brighton E Sussex England Univ Oxford MRC Brain Networks Dynam Unit Oxford England

ISBN: (数字)9783031287190

ISBN: (纸本)9783031287183;9783031287190

predictive coding Networks (PCNs) aim to learn a generative model of the world. Given observations, this generative model can then be inverted to infer the causes of those observations. However, when training PCNs, a noticeable pathology is often observed where inference accuracy peaks and then declines with further training. This cannot be explained by overfitting since both training and test accuracy decrease simultaneously. Here we provide a thorough investigation of this phenomenon and show that it is caused by an imbalance between the speeds at which the various layers of the PCN converge. We demonstrate that this can be prevented by regularising the weight matrices at each layer: by restricting the relative size of matrix singular values, we allow the weight matrix to change but restrict the overall impact which a layer can have on its neighbours. We also demonstrate that a similar effect can be achieved through a more biologically plausible and simple scheme of just capping the weights.

关键词： hierarchical predictive coding Variational inference Inference speed

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