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hierarchical processing of visual stimuli in nephropathic cystinosis

JOURNAL OF INHERITED METABOLIC DISEASE 2019年第3期42卷 545-552页

作者： Sathappan, Aakash Trauner, Doris Univ Calif San Diego Sch Med Dept Neurosci San Diego CA 92103 USA Univ Calif San Diego Sch Med Dept Pediat San Diego CA 92103 USA Rady Childrens Hosp San Diego CA USA

Previous studies have shown that individuals with cystinosis may exhibit difficulty with visuospatial tasks. Global and local (hierarchical) processing are specific types of visuospatial tasks mediated by the right and left parietal lobes respectively. The study objective was to determine whether individuals with cystinosis and carriers of the cystinosin gene mutation show deficits in global and/or local processing. The study included 48 children (32 controls, 16 cystinosis) and 56 adults (25 controls, 25 carriers, and 6 cystinosis). Participants were instructed to replicate 10 hierarchical stimuli to assess global-local processing. The primary outcome measure was mean global and local performance on the hierarchical stimuli task between subgroups. Error subtypes were included to further assess each image. Compared to the control subgroups, adult and child cystinosis patients as well adult carriers demonstrated significant deficits in the global processing of a hierarchical stimulus against a background of unimpaired local processing. Child cystinosis patients performed significantly more poorly than controls on all error subtypes except local shape distortion. Adult cystinosis patients and carriers made significantly more global shape distortion errors than the controls. Our study shows that the cognitive profile documented in cystinosis patients and carriers includes significant difficulties with the global processing of an image. Results of the carrier population are important since they suggest that the cognitive impairments observed in patients cannot be attributed to symptomatic manifestations of the disease. Instead, the global processing deficits observed provide insight into the potential role of the cystinosin gene mutation on neurodevelopmental differences seen in these individuals.

关键词： cystinosis lysosomal storage disease hierarchical processing visual spatial

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hierarchical processing in spoken language comprehension

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JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 2003年第8期23卷 3423-3431页

作者： Davis, MH Johnsrude, IS MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit Cambridge CB2 2EF England

Understanding spoken language requires a complex series of processing stages to translate speech sounds into meaning. In this study, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the brain regions that are involved in spoken language comprehension, fractionating this system into sound-based and more abstract higher-level processes. We distorted English sentences in three acoustically different ways, applying each distortion to varying degrees to produce a range of intelligibility ( quantified as the number of words that could be reported) and collected whole-brain echo-planar imaging data from 12 listeners using sparse imaging. The blood oxygenation level-dependent signal correlated with intelligibility along the superior and middle temporal gyri in the left hemisphere and in a less-extensive homologous area on the right, the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), and the left hippocampus. Regions surrounding auditory cortex, bilaterally, were sensitive to intelligibility but also showed a differential response to the three forms of distortion, consistent with sound-form-based processes. More distant intelligibility-sensitive regions within the superior and middle temporal gyri, hippocampus, and LIFG were insensitive to the acoustic form of sentences, suggesting more abstract nonacoustic processes. The hierarchical organization suggested by these results is consistent with cognitive models and auditory processing in nonhuman primates. Areas that were particularly active for distorted speech conditions and, thus, might be involved in compensating for distortion, were found exclusively in the left hemisphere and partially overlapped with areas sensitive to intelligibility, perhaps reflecting attentional modulation of auditory and linguistic processes.

关键词： speech language auditory cortex hierarchical processing primate human inferior frontal gyrus temporal lobe hippocampus sentence processing fMRI

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hierarchical processing and level-repetition effect as indexed by early brain potentials

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PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY 2000年第6期37卷 817-830页

作者： Han, SH He, X Woods, DL Univ Calif Davis Dept Neurol Vet Adm No Calif Syst Clin Martinez CA USA Univ Sci & Technol Beijing Lab Cognit Sci Beijing 100083 Peoples R China

Event-related potentials were recorded to investigate the mechanisms of hierarchical processing and level-repetition effect. Participants identified targets that appeared at global, local, or both levels of hierarchical patterns. Reaction times showed global precedence and level-repetition effects. An occipital P1 wave was enhanced to local relative to global targets. The P1 to local targets was also larger when preceded by global than local targets. Global and both-level target selections were indexed by two posterior negativities peaking at 130 and 190 ms poststimulus, whereas local target selection was indexed by a broad occipitotemporal negativity. A late selection positivity was observed over the left occipitotemporal site for global targets but over the central site for local targets. The findings suggest that sensory-perceptual mechanisms contribute to global precedence and level-repetition effects in hierarchical processing.

关键词： ERPs hierarchical processing level-repetition effect global precedence grouping

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The effects of stimulus symmetry on hierarchical processing in infancy

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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY 2017年第3期59卷 279-290页

作者： Guy, Maggie W. Reynolds, Greg D. Mosteller, Sara M. Dixon, Kate C. Univ South Carolina Dept Psychol Columbia SC USA Univ Tennessee Dept Psychol Knoxville TN 37996 USA Univ East Anglia Sch Psychol Norwich Norfolk England Univ Louisville Dept Psychol & Brain Louisville KY 40292 USA

The current study investigated the effects of stimulus symmetry on the processing of global and local stimulus properties by 6-month-old short- and long-looking infants through the use of event-related potentials (ERPs). Previous research has shown that individual differences in infant visual attention are related to hierarchical stimulus processing, such that short lookers show a global processing bias, while long lookers demonstrate a local processing bias (Guy, Reynolds, & Zhang, 2013). Additional research has shown that in comparison with asymmetry, symmetry is associated with more efficient stimulus processing and more accurate memory for stimulus configuration (Attneave, 1955;Perkins, 1932). In the current study, we utilized symmetric and asymmetric hierarchical stimuli and predicted that the presence of asymmetry would direct infant attention to the local features of stimuli, leading short lookers to regress to a local processing strategy. Results of the ERP analysis showed that infants familiarized with a symmetric stimulus showed evidence of global processing, while infants familiarized with an asymmetric stimulus did not demonstrate evidence of processing at the global or local level. These findings indicate that short- and long-looking infants, who might otherwise fail to process global stimulus properties due to limited visual scanning, may succeed at global processing when exposed to symmetric stimuli. Furthermore, stimulus symmetry may recruit selective attention toward global properties of visual stimuli, facilitating higher-level cognitive processing in infancy.

关键词： infancy event-related potentials individual differences hierarchical processing symmetry

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hierarchical processing of Levenson-type phase shifter generation

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JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS 1997年第12B期36卷 7499-7503页

作者： Yamamoto, K Uno, T Koyama, K Toshiba Corp Ctr Res & Dev Adv Semicond Devices Res Labs Saiwai Ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 210 Japan Toshiba Corp Semicond DA & Test Engn Ctr Sakae Ku Yokohama Kanagawa 247 Japan

The hierarchical processing of Levenson-type phase shifter generation has been developed. It is integrated with a computer aided design (CAD) system, which makes modification of conflict spots easy for designers. In order to keep CAD data compressed during phase assignment, phase information is stored as a combination of two properties, phase and group reversal. Phase assignment is generally executed cell-by-cell from the bottom up. In each cell, the region processed is kept to a minimum in order to achieve efficient processing. The intrinsic problem of bottom-up hierarchical processing is the merge problem in which patterns to be merged at the cell boundary have different phases, and it is treated with retry processing. The hierarchical phase assignment was applied to 4M-bit memory with a core circuit and the effectiveness of the hierarchical processing was demonstrated. The processed data were compressed to about 1/20, and processing time was reduced by at least 1/2 of those by flat processing.

关键词： phase-shifting mask CAD lithography hierarchical processing

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A hierarchical processing method for subpixel surface water mapping from highly heterogeneous urban environments using Landsat OLI data 36

A hierarchical processing method for subpixel surface water ...

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36th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)

作者： Luo, Xin Xie, Huan Xu, Xiong Pan, Haiyan Tong, Xiaohua Tongji Univ Coll Surveying & Geoinformat 1239 Siping Rd Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781509033324

A hierarchical method for subpixel surface water mapping accounting for the high spectral heterogeneity of urban materials is proposed in this paper. Specifically, we first applied water index (WI) for remote sensing image classification at pixel level, afterwards, the land, water, and land-water mixture can be extracted automatically. Then the spectral mixture analysis (SMA) is applied to land-water mixed pixels for water fraction estimation at subpixel level. To obtaining the most representative endmembers in SMA, we designed an adaptive iterative endmember selection method based on the spatial similarity of adjacent pixels. The proposed hierarchical processing method based on WI and SMA (WISMA) is applied to urban areas for reliability evaluation using the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images. For comparison, four methods at pixel level and subpixel level were chosen respectively. Results indicate that the water maps generated by WISMA correspond as closely with the truth water maps with subpixel precision. And the results showed that the WISMA achieved the best performance in water mapping with comprehensive analysis of different accuracy evaluation indexes (RMSE and SE).

关键词： hierarchical processing Water index Urban SMA Landsat 8 OLI

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Typical hierarchical processing in autistic adults

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JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020年第4期32卷 442-448页

作者： Skripkauskaite, Simona Slade, Lance Mayer, Jennifer Univ Roehampton London England Bangor Univ Sch Psychol Bangor Gwynedd Wales Canterbury Christ Church Univ Sch Psychol Polit & Sociol Canterbury Kent England

Previous research suggests that autistic individuals exhibit atypical hierarchical processing, however, most of these studies focused solely on children. Thus, the main aim of the current study was to investigate the presence of atypical local or global processing in autistic adults using a traditional divided attention task with Navon's hierarchical figures. Reaction time data of 27 autistic and 25 neurotypical (NT) adults was analysed using multilevel modelling and Bayesian analysis. The results revealed that autistic, like NT, adults experienced a global precedence effect. Moreover, both autistic and NT participants experienced global and local interference effects. In contrast to previous findings with children, the current study suggests that autistic adults exhibit a typical, albeit unexpected, processing of hierarchical figures.

关键词： Autism adults hierarchical processing visual perception

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Reverse hierarchical PIV processing

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MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2002年第7期13卷 984-996页

作者： Rohály, J Frigerio, F Hart, DP MIT Dept Mech Engn Cambridge MA 02139 USA

A novel hierarchical processing scheme is proposed to efficiently increase the spatial resolution and dynamic range of detecting particle image displacements in PIV images. The technique takes full advantage of the multi-resolution characteristic of the discrete correlation function by starting the processing at the smallest scale and, if necessary, gradually building correlation planes into larger interrogation areas based on the result of inter-level correlation correction and validation. It is shown that the algorithm can be implemented in both direct and FFT based correlation algorithms with greatly reduced computational complexity. The technique opens new perspectives for locally adaptive super-resolution processing taking flow field, seeding, and imaging anomalies into account. processing at the lowest scale (e.g. pixel or particle image size) allows the combination of correlation planes on any shape. Hence the proposed reverse hierarchical processing represents interrogation area optimization both in size and shape in order to maximize the correlation plane signal-to-noise ratio. The method is successfully demonstrated on experimentally obtained images.

关键词： hierarchical processing multi-resolution correlation adaptive interrogation area optimization correlation based correction

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Level-repetition effects in hierarchical stimulus processing: timing and location of cortical activity

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY 2003年第3期47卷 255-269页

作者： Schatz, J Erlandson, F Univ S Carolina Dept Psychol Columbia SC 29208 USA

The specific mechanisms that underlie repetition priming effects are only partly understood. We examined the timing and extent of brain activity in response to level-repeated and level-shifted conditions during hierarchical stimulus processing. A response cost in behavioral reaction times was evident for level-shifted compared to level-repeated conditions. Larger event-related potentials amplitudes for level-shifted conditions were evident over occipital scalp regions for an early component peaking at 132 ms post-stimulus onset. A negative potential over posterior temporal electrodes that peaked at 204 ms showed asymmetries in amplitudes that were consistent with lateralized differences in global and local level processing. A positive potential peaking at 290 ms also showed differences between level-repeated and level-shifted conditions over left parietal and left posterior temporal scalp regions. The study demonstrates cortical activity related to repetition priming for both local and global level targets. Early sensory ('P1') and later cortical processing can be affected by the need to shift attention across hierarchical levels. The results support the existence of multiple processes underlying level-repetition effects. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： event-related potentials hierarchical processing repetition priming

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The prospects for hierarchical data processing with growing complexity of the post-tapeout flow

The prospects for hierarchical data processing with growing ...

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Conference on Design and Process Integration for Microelectronic Manufacturing III

作者： Schulze, S Sahouria, E Mentor Graph Corp Wilsonville OR 97070 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819457361

The drive of the semiconductor industry towards smaller and smaller features sizes requires more sophisticated correction methods to guarantee the final tolerances for the etched features in both wafer manufacturing and mask making. The wavelength gap in lithography and process effects as well as dependencies on the design content have led to the tremendous variety of resolution enhancement techniques and process correction approaches that are currently applied to a design on its path to manufacturing. As the 65nm nodes become production ready and the 45nm node shifts into the focus of the development effects like flare in wafer exposure, fogging effects in ebeam mask exposure and others that previously could be ignored are becoming significant so that their correction prior to manufacturing is required. That means additional correction steps are necessary to complete the data preparation. These put a larger burden on the data processing path and raise concerns over data volume and processing time limitations. hierarchical processing methods have proven very effective in the past to keep data volumes and processing time in control. The paper explores the design trends and the potential of hierarchical processing under the new circumstances. Extended data flows with a variety of correction steps are investigated. Experimental results that demonstrate the benefit of hierarchical methods in conjunction with parallel processing methods like multithreading and distributed processing are provided. The benefit of introducing more effective data formats like OASIS in these flows will be illustrated.

关键词： mask data preparation hierarchical processing distributed multithreaded OASIS OASIS NSB

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