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AN ADAPTIVE hierarchical routing protocol

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 1989年第8期38卷 1059-1075页

作者： TSAI, WT RAMAMOORTHY, CV TSAI, WK NISHIGUCHI, O UNIV CALIF BERKELEY DEPT ELECT ENGN & COMP SCIDIV COMP SCIBERKELEYCA 94720 TEXAS A&M UNIV DEPT ELECT ENGNCOLLEGE STNTX 77843 HITACHI SOFTWARE ENGN CO LTD DIV COMMUN SYST DEVYOKOHAMA 231JAPAN

An adaptive hierarchical routing protocol based on the extension of the new Arpanet scheme is proposed and its simulated performance is presented. The protocol can adapt to rapidly changing environments and works for arbitrarily large networks. A number of existing schemes as well as the proposed scheme are simulated under many different environments and clustering structures. The proposed protocol is found to be superior to the other protocols tested in many different types of network traffic and topological configurations. The results indicate that intercluster links must be reliable, because (1) the failure of these links can significantly degrade the routing performance, even though the protocol does not degrade as badly as the existing scheme and (2) hierarchical routing protocols usually prefer small clusters, which means that there will be many intercluster links. The tradeoff between two conflicting performance criteria, response speed and communication overhead, is shown.

关键词： Scheme tradeoffs traffic network hierarchical routing protocol Changing environments Self tuning

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A New Energy Efficient hierarchical routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

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WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 2018年第1期101卷 269-286页

作者： Dener, Murat Gazi Univ Grad Sch Nat & Appl Sci Ankara Turkey

Wireless sensor networks consist of low cost sensor nodes which have limited power supplies, memory capacity, processing capability and transmission rate. Sensor nodes gather information from the environment and send the collected information to base station with help of a routing cooperation. Because of limited resources in Wireless Sensor Networks, fulfilling these routing operations is a major problem. routing protocols are used to perform these operations. The most important thing by considering while these protocols are designed is energy efficiency. Because wireless sensor networks are widely used in intelligent systems, the energy efficiency of these networks is very important in IoT. Researchers have proposed several hierarchical routing protocols such as LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN and APTEEN. In this study, an energy efficient routing protocol is developed which is more efficient than currently avaliable routing protocols. The developed protocol involves mapping of the network, sleep-wake/load balancing, data merge processes. The proposed protocol gives better results than other protocols in number of surviving nodes and amount of energy consumed criterias.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks hierarchical routing protocol Energy efficiency

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Design of hierarchical routing protocol for Heterogeneous Airborne Ad Hoc Networks

Design of Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Ai...

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International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN)

作者： Lee, ChungJae Kang, SeokYoon Kim, Ki-Il Gyeongsang Natl Univ Dept Informat Engn Res Inst Jinju South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781479936892

Due to recent research interests in airborne ad hoc networks, many research works have been conducted in each layer by developing communication protocols which take into unique properties of node (aircraft) as well as operating environments account. Among them, as the research efforts in network layer, several routing protocols have been proposed to improve packet delivery ratio even though a node moves faster than one in existing ad hoc networks. Related to routing protocol, as proved in many previous research works, hierarchical routing protocol can be considered as appropriate approach in airborne ad hoc networks due to its stability against dynamic change on topology. To meet above demand, in this paper, we present how to form two level hierarchies for heterogeneous networks by extending current geographical routing protocol. Furthermore, the proposed scheme introduces how to improve the packet delivery ratio by applying DTN (Delay Tolerant Networks) routing protocol adaptively for network partition. Simulation results are given to prove suitability of proposed protocol in heterogeneous airborne ad hoc networks.

关键词： airborne ad hoc networks hierarchical routing protocol heterogeneous networks

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Energy-Efficient Multi-hop hierarchical routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy-Efficient Multi-hop Hierarchical Routing Protocol for...

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International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing

作者： Huang, Wen-Wen Peng, Ya-Li Wen, Jian Yu, Min Jiangxi Normal Univ Coll Comp Informat Engn Nanchang 330022 Jiangxi Peoples R China Jiangxi Normal Univ Sch Software Nanchang 330022 Jiangxi Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780769536101

There are some unresolved issues in classical hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSN), In this paper, an energy-efficient multi-hop hierarchical routing protocol (EMHR) is proposed for WSN. Based on the energy strategy in the cluster head decision, the node of the largest surplus energy is selected to become the cluster head, which can effectively avoid the low-energy nodes as the cluster head. In data transmission, the data in cluster-heads can be transmitted by multi-hop, According to the determined of weight function determining the next-hop cluster head, this EMHR protocol balances the load of network topology and reduces the cluster heads energy dissipation. Simulation results show that EMHR protocol significantly prolongs survival time of the network and balances energy load of the cluster heads transmission path in WSN.

关键词： wireless sensor networks hierarchical routing protocol energy-efficient multi-hop

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Research on Low Power hierarchical routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks 20

Research on Low Power Hierarchical Routing Protocol in Wirel...

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20th IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) / 15th IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC)

作者： Fei, Xiujuan Wang, Yingying Liu, Aijun Cao, Ning Qingdao Binhai Univ Coll Informat Engn Qingdao Peoples R China Inner Mongolia Univ Coll Elect Informat Engn Hohhot Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538632215

Wireless sensor network is one of the most important supporting technologies in the Internet of things, this paper studies the low power hierarchical routing protocol in the water environment. Energy is a vital problem in water environment. Wireless sensor network is composed of many wireless sensor nodes, which is a flexible and adaptive network. This paper studies the problem of low power consumption in wireless sensor networks, so as to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of LEACH protocol and related protocols, and find out the best low power hierarchical routing protocol. In the water environment, has practical value in the water environment.

关键词： Wireless sensor network low power hierarchical routing protocol

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A hierarchical routing protocol to Handle Topological Variation for Wireless Sensor Network

A Hierarchical Routing Protocol to Handle Topological Variat...

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7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation

作者： Xiao, Wei Tu, Yaqing Xu, Hua Logist Engn Univ Dept Logist Informat Engn Chongqing 400016 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781424421138

As many routing protocols for wireless sensor network can't handle dynamic topological variation efficiently, a new hierarchical routing protocol (HTVRP) based on the shortest path is proposed. In this protocol, all of nodes are arranged to different logic layers according to their distance from the sink, thus a ring-hierarchy, tree-framework topology is formed. Each node merely communicates with the nearest nodes in its upper and lower layer, that is to say, father-node and son-nodes, and transmits an integrated data to its father-node after fusing its own with all sensed data from its son-nodes. The communication between the sink and nodes is multi-hop, and all sensed data is sent to the sink through the shortest path layer by layer. Nodes in the layer nearest from the topological variation layer are first triggered to respond. Simulation results have shown that HTVRP routing protocol can efficiently handle dynamic topological variation, improve network scalability and optimize network performance.

关键词： Dynamic Topological Variation hierarchical routing protocol Pervasive Computing Wireless Sensor Network The Shortest Path

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A hierarchical routing protocol based on Energy Consumption Weight Clustering Scheme for Cognitive Radio Networks

A Hierarchical Routing Protocol based on Energy Consumption ...

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作者： Yihang Du Hu Jin Lijia Wang Lei Xue Electronic Countermeasure Institute National University of Defense Technology CTTL-Terminals of China Academy Telecommunication Research of MIIT

In order to reduce the network congestion and data forwarding times, a hierarchical routing protocol based on energy consumption weight clustering scheme is proposed. Firstly, the concept of Energy Consumption Weight(ECW) is introduced. Then the clustering problem is modelled as a complete bipartite graph decomposition problem with maximum weights and a greedy clustering scheme based on ECW is presented to minimize the energy consumption of intra-cluster transmission. Subsequently, the Equal Reward Timeslots based Conjectural Multi-Agent Q-Learning(ERT-CMAQL) is applied to optimize routing and resource allocation in inter-cluster communication. Simulation results show that the proposed hierarchical routing scheme outperforms the flat routing protocol in terms of system energy consumption and packet transmission latency, and it effectively reduces the number of nodes involved in operation and decisionmaking in the multi-agent learning scheme when the size of network is large.

关键词： hierarchical routing protocol clustering energy consumption ratio multi-agent Q-learning

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A hierarchical routing protocol to Handle Topological Variation for Wireless Sensor Network

A Hierarchical Routing Protocol to Handle Topological Variat...

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7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA 2008), vol.17

作者： Wei Xiao Yaqing Tu Hua Xu Department of Logistical Information Engineering Logistical Engineering University Chongqing China

关键词： Dynamic Topological Variation hierarchical routing protocol Pervasive Computing Wireless Sensor Network The Shortest Path

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Energy efficient layered cluster based hierarchical routing protocol with Dual Sink

Energy efficient layered cluster based hierarchical routing ...

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International Conference on Computers and Devices for Communication (CODEC)

作者： Aditi Sen Madhuparna Das Gupta Debashis De Department of Computer Science & Engineering West Bengal University of Technology Kolkata West Bengal India

ISBN: (纸本)9781467326193

In recent days lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an important issue to consider. The lifetime of a WSN depends on the energy consumption of sensor nodes. In this paper a new hierarchical routing protocol Layer Based Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LB-LEACH) is proposed to increase the lifetime of WSN in which layer factor is considered as a cluster head selection parameter to improve the performance of cluster head selection algorithm proposed in LEACH, EECHS and energy aware LEACH. We also use the concept of Dual Sink i.e. a static sink and multiple mobile sinks to increase the efficiency of data collection. Simulation result shows that our proposed algorithm LB-LEACH performs better than LEACH, Energy aware LEACH and EECHS.

关键词： Energy Efficiency Wireless sensor network (WSN) LEA CH EECHS Dual Sink Energy efficiency Wireless sensor networks WSN gene leaching hierarchical routing protocol routing protocols cluster head energy consumption mean life

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hierarchical WSN protocol with fuzzy multi-criteria clustering and bio-inspired energy-efficient routing (FMCB-ER)

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2022年第24期81卷 35083-35116页

作者： Mehta, Deepak Saxena, Sharad Thapar Inst Engn & Technol Comp Sci & Engn Dept Patiala Punjab India

Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) is used for monitoring and recording the physical environment and to transfer the sensed data to a central location by means of widely distributed sensor nodes. One of the major issues with WSNs is limited energy of sensor nodes and high energy consumption during data relay. An energy efficient routing protocol that consumes less energy in data transmission can enhance the network lifetime to a great extent. Considering it, this paper presents, a hierarchical routing protocol Fuzzy Multi-criteria Clustering and Bio-inspired Energy-efficient routing (FMCB-ER) to enhance network lifetime thus improving upon the operational time of WSN based applications. Here in this approach a grid-based clustering technique is used to form the robust clusters. An adaptive Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (AF-MCDM) that combines Fuzzy-AHP and TOPSIS is then applied for optimum cluster head (CH) selection. For the purpose, the approach considersthreebroad parameters namely, energy, QoS and node position along with their six sub-criteria. After CH selection, the Emperor Penguin Optimization (EPO) is used to find optimal route for data transmission from CH to sink. The proposed method is evaluated and compared with other existing routing approaches on parameters of energy consumption, lifetime, throughput, end to end delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, latency, number of dead, alive nodes. Simulation results confirm that the proposed approach outperforms the compared approaches on above discussed parameters. Especially, the proposed approach reduces the energy consumption up to 13% and increases the network lifetime up to 8% in comparison to compared approaches.

关键词： hierarchical routing protocol Grid cluster formation Emperor penguin optimization Multi criteria decision making

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