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Serial testing of older children as a basis for recommending comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation

APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2008年第1期15卷 11-20页

作者： Reitan, Ralph M. Wolfson, Deborah Reitan Neuropsychol Lab Tucson AZ 85728 USA

The aim of this study was to develop a short screening battery that would predict whether older children would show significant impairment on comprehensive neuropsychological testing. The screening battery was subdivided into two phases. Phase 1 was intended as a broad catchment effort;Phase 2 was designed to be a more detailed and selective procedure. Administration of the full set of screening tests requires about 45 minutes. Their predictive validity was assessed using the Neuropsychological Deficit Scale (NDS), which summarizes results in the entire Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery for Older Children. Cutoff scores and guidelines for interpretation of the screening tests were developed, and the results were substantially correct in identifying children who performed normally versus children who were impaired on the testing and therefore required comprehensive testing to evaluate their neuropsychological status and deficits.

关键词： brain damage comprehensive testing Halstead-Reitan Battery for Older Children higher-level functions learning disabilities NDS Neuropsychological Deficit Scale Phase 2 tests right-left difference screening procedures serial testing sensory-motor functions Trail Making Test

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The use of serial testing in evaluating the need for comprehensive neuropsychological testing of adults

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APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2008年第1期15卷 21-32页

作者： Reitan, Ralph M. Wolfson, Deborah Reitan Neuropsychol Lab Tucson AZ USA

The aim of this study was to develop brief neuropsychological testing procedures that would identify adults (aged 15 and older) who need comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. The tests used for screening were selected to (1) initially provide a broad catchment procedure followed by (2) a more diversified basis for prediction. The total time required to administer the screening measures is about 45 minutes. The criterion for the need for comprehensive testing was based on the General Neuropsychological Deficit Scale (GNDS), which summarizes 42 variables derived from the complete Halstead-Reitan Battery. The results indicated that the brief testing battery permitted accurate identification of persons who showed neuropsychological impairment based on comprehensive testing. Cutoff points were determined and guidelines were provided for use of the brief testing results.

关键词： comprehensive testing General Neuropsychological Deficit Scale GNDS higher-level functions NDS right-left differences screening battery sensory-motor functions serial testing

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The use of serial testing to identify young children in need of comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation

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APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2008年第1期15卷 1-10页

作者： Reitan, Ralph M. Wolfson, Deborah Reitan Neuropsychol Lab Tucson AZ 85728 USA

This study was designed to use a short, two-phase testing procedure to predict the outcome of a comprehensive neuropsychological examination among young children (aged 5-8 years). Phase 1, requiring less than 10 minutes to administer, predicted Phase 2 results and results of comprehensive testing with acceptable accuracy. Phase 2 testing evaluated both lower-level (sensory-motor) and higher-level functions, required about 45 minutes to administer, and also closely predicted the outcome of comprehensive testing. Cutoff scores for individual tests, areas of function, and the total score for preliminary testing were determined, and accuracy rates were identified. The results suggest that preliminary testing, as described in this article, may serve to identify young children who need a comprehensive neuropsychological examination.

关键词： comprehensive testing higher-level functions NDS Neuropsychological Deficit Scale Phase 2 tests Progressive Figures Test right-left differences screening procedures sensory-motor functions serial testing

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The significance of sensory-motor functions as indicators of brain dysfunction in children

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ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2003年第1期18卷 11-18页

作者： Reitan, RM Wolfson, D Reitan Neuropsychol Lab Tucson AZ 85728 USA

Sensory-perceptual and motor functions are closely dependent on the integrity of the brain and nervous system. Standardized tests have been developed to assess these functions, but such tests are not routinely used to evaluate children who are suspected of having a neuropsychological basis for their difficulties. higher-level functions (such as verbal and academic abilities, executive functioning, etc.) are obviously important in producing successful performances, but the brain and nervous system correlates of these abilities are less well defined than the correlates for sensory-motor abilities. Our contention is that tests from these two general areas (higher-level and lower-level aspects of brain functioning) can be used effectively in a complementary manner to evaluate individual children. The first step in this process is to evaluate formal sensory-motor tests and to assess their validity as a brief preliminary examination used to differentiate between brain-damaged and control children. The results of this study demonstrated striking differences between the groups and indicated that sensory-motor testing might serve very effectively, when used in conjunction with higher-level tests, to identify those children whose higher-level impairment is due to brain impairment rather than a lack of environmental opportunities or advantages. (C) 2002 National Academy of Neuropsychology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： brain damage sensory-perceptual functions motor functions higher-level functions lower-level functions

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FPGA-based artificial neural network using CORDIC modules

FPGA-based artificial neural network using CORDIC modules

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Conference on Advanced Signal Processing Algorithms, Architectures, and Implementations XVI

作者： Liddicoat, Albert A. Slivovsky, Lynne A. McLenegan, Tim Heyer, Don Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo Dept Elect Engn San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819463922

Artificial neural networks have been used in applications that require complex procedural algorithms and in systems which lack an analytical mathematic model. By designing a large network of computing nodes based on the artificial neuron model, new solutions can be developed for computational problems in fields such as image processing and speech recognition. Neural networks are inherently parallel since each neuron, or node, acts as an autonomous computational element. Artificial neural networks use a mathematical model for each node that processes information from other nodes in the same region. The information processing entails computing a weighted average computation followed by a nonlinear mathematical transformation. Some typical artificial neural network applications use the exponential function or trigonometric functions for the nonlinear transformation. Various simple artificial neural networks have been implemented using a processor to compute the output for each node sequentially. This approach uses sequential processing and does not take advantage of the parallelism of a complex artificial neural network. In this work a hardware-based approach is investigated for artificial neural network applications. A Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) is used to implement an artificial neuron using hardware multipliers, adders and CORDIC functional units. In order to create a large scale artificial neural network, area efficient hardware units such as CORDIC units are needed. High performance and low cost bit serial CORDIC implementations are presented. Finally, the FPGA resources and the performance of a hardware-based artificial neuron are presented.

关键词： computer arithmetic field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) higher-level functions reconfigurable computing digital signal processing and artificial neural networks

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Effectiveness of Sensorimotor and Task-Oriented Handwriting Intervention in Elementary School-Aged Students With Handwriting Difficulties

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OTJR-OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY JOURNAL OF RESEARCH 2009年第3期29卷 125-134页

作者： Weintraub, Naomi Yinon, Michael Hirsch, Idit Bar-Effrat Parush, Shula Hadassah & Hebrew Univ Sch Occupat Therapy Jerusalem Israel Child Dev Ctr Clalit Hlth Serv Rehovot Israel Maccabi Hlth Serv Inst Child Dev Jerusalem Israel

The effects of two handwriting intervention programs for students with handwriting difficulties were compared. Students in grades 2 to 4 were randomly assigned to a sensorimotor intervention (n = 19), a task-oriented intervention (n = 19), or a nontreatment control group (n = 17). Both intervention programs also included "higher-level" functions (e.g., cognitive or executive functions). Handwriting speed and legibility were measured before, immediately after (Stage 1), and 4 months after (Stage 2) intervention. At Stage 1, statistically significant gains in handwriting performance were noted in both intervention groups, but not in the control group. Additionally, the task-oriented group scored significantly higher than the control group in overall legibility. At Stage 2, statistically significant gains were noted in both intervention groups. Thus, although neither program was found to have an advantage in terms of its unique components, it appears that students with handwriting difficulties may benefit from intervention programs that include instruction in "higher-level" strategies to support and enhance their handwriting performance.

关键词： treatment effectiveness higher-level functions handwriting

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