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38th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education

作者： Lau, Kung-Kiu Univ Manchester Sch Comp Sci Manchester M13 9PL Lancs England

ISBN: (纸本)9781595933614

We decided to support active learning on a beginner's course on Reasoning about imperative Programs because our students find the material challenging. Because of the large class size and resource implications, we opted for a simple approach: the modified lecture format. We devised active learning sheets for use during lectures. Each sheet consisted of short questions which covered the main points of the lecture. Students had to answer the questions during the lectures as they listened. In this paper we describe how we designed the active learning sheets for this particular course, and the students' (positive) response to them.

关键词： imperative programming Software Engineering Formal Methods

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Finitism, imperative Programs and Primitive Recursion

Finitism, Imperative Programs and Primitive Recursion

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International Symposium on Logical Foundations of Computer Science (LFCS)

作者： Leivant, Daniel Indiana Univ SICE Bloomington IN 47405 USA Univ Paris Diderot IRIF Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9783030367558;9783030367541

The finitistic philosophy of mathematics, critical of referencing infinite totalities, has been associated from its inception with primitive recursion. That kinship was not initially substantiated, but is widely assumed, and is supported by Parson's Theorem, which may be construed as equating finitistic reasoning with finitistic computing. In support of identifying PR with finitism we build on the generic framework of [7] and articulate a finitistic theory of finite partialstructures, and a generic imperative programming language for modifying them, equally rooted in finitism. The theory is an abstract generalization of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic, and the programming language is a generic generalization of first-order recurrence (primitive recursion). We then prove an abstract form of Parson's Theorem that links the two.

关键词： Finitism Primitive recursive arithmetic Finite partial functions Primitive recursive functions imperative programming Loop variant Parson's theorem

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Deferring the Details and Deriving Programs 4

Deferring the Details and Deriving Programs

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4th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Type-Driven Development (TyDe)

作者： O'Connor, Liam UNSW Australia Sydney NSW Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781450368155

A commonly-used technique in dependently-typed programming is to encode invariants about a data structure into its type, thus ensuring that the data structure is correct by construction. Unfortunately, this often necessitates the embedding of explicit proof terms within the data structure, which are not part of the structure conceptually, but merely supplied to ensure that the data invariants are maintained. As the complexity of the specifications in the types increases, these additional terms tend to clutter definitions, reducing readability. We introduce a technique where these proof terms can be supplied later, by constructing the data structure within a proof delay applicative functor. We apply this technique to Trip, our new language for Hoare-logic verification of imperative programs embedded in Agda, where our applicative functor is used as the basis for a verification condition generator, turning the typed holes of Agda into a method for stepwise derivation of a program from its specification in the form of a Hoare triple.

关键词： hoare logic agda verification conditions applicative functor types imperative programming

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Automatic Cyclic Termination Proofs for Recursive Procedures in Separation Logic 2017

Automatic Cyclic Termination Proofs for Recursive Procedures...

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6th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Certified Programs and Proofs (CPP)

作者： Rowe, Reuben N. S. Brotherston, James UCL Dept Comp Sci London England

ISBN: (纸本)9781450347051

We describe a formal verification framework and tool implementation, based upon cyclic proofs, for certifying the safe termination of imperative pointer programs with recursive procedures. Our assertions are symbolic heaps in separation logic with user defined inductive predicates;we employ explicit approximations of these predicates as our termination measures. This enables us to extend cyclic proof to programs with procedures by relating these measures across the preand postconditions of procedure calls. We provide an implementation of our formal proof system in the CYCLIST theorem proving framework, and evaluate its performance on a range of examples drawn from the literature on program termination. Our implementation extends the current state-of-the-art in cyclic proof-based program verification, enabling automatic termination proofs of a larger set of programs than previously possible.

关键词： Automated proof search Cyclic proof Explicit approximation imperative programming Proof Certificates Separation logic Termination

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Verification by Reduction to Functional Programs

Verification by Reduction to Functional Programs

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作者： Regis William BLANC ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE

学位级别：博士

In this thesis, we explore techniques for the development and verification of programs in a high-level, expressive, and safe programming language. Our programs can express problems over unbounded domains and over recursive and mutable data structures. We present an implementation language flexible enough to build interesting and useful systems. We mostly maintain a core shared language for the specifications and the implementation, with only a few extensions specific to expressing the specifications. Extensions of the core shared lan- guage include imperative features with state and side effects, which help when implementing efficient systems. Our language is a subset of the Scala programming language. Once verified, programs can be compiled and executed using the existing Scala tools. We present algorithms for verifying programs written in this language. We take a layer-based approach, where we reduce, at each step, the program to an equivalent program in a simpler language. We first purify functions by transforming away mutations into explicit return types in the functions' signatures. This step rewrites all mutations of data structures into cloning operations. We then translate local state into a purely functional code, hence eliminating all traces of imperative programming. The final language is a functional subset of Scala, on which we apply verification. We integrate our pipeline of translations into Leon, a verifier for Scala. We verify the core functional language by using an algorithm already developed inside Leon. The program is encoded into equivalent first-order logic formulas over a combination of theories and recursive functions. The formulas are eventually discharged to an external SMT solver. We extend this core language and the solving algorithm with support for both infinite-precision integers and bit-vectors. The algorithm takes into account the semantics gap between the two domains, and the programmer is ultimately responsible to use the proper t

关键词： software verification decision procedures functional programming imperative programming constraint solving

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Knowledge-Based Explorable Extended Reality Environments 1st ed. 2020

Knowledge-Based Explorable Extended Reality Environments

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2020年

作者： Jakub Flotyński

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Using Generic and Generated Components to Create Static Software Analysis Tools Faster

Using Generic and Generated Components to Create Static Soft...

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13th Pacific Rim Knowledge Acquisition Workshop (PKAW)

作者： Tippetts, Edward Univ Canberra Canberra ACT 2601 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9783319133324;9783319133317

In today's software engineering tool landscape, many sophisticated imperative static source code analysis tools exist. However the implementations of these analyses are normally tied to specific languages, so must be recreated for any new or lesser-known languages. It can be burdensome for small groups of language developers or third party tool authors to devote the necessary resources to creating an analysis tool suite specifically for their language, so a number of less popular languages lack such automated tool support to the detriment of their users. As a solution this paper argues that multiple analysis algorithms exist which are applicable to almost any high-level imperative programming language, and that support for them can be added to a language cheaply with a high degree of automation. Pursuit of these would provide a new way of gathering knowledge about application structure for languages that have not previously enjoyed strong tool support.

关键词： Software Engineering Code analysis Code generation Fact extraction imperative programming

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The Math Gap in an Inclusive CS1 Course 18

The Math Gap in an Inclusive CS1 Course

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49th ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE)

作者： Jordan, Kris Stein, Gabi Univ N Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27515 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450351034

This poster investigated the data from the past year of CS1 and found overwhelming evidence that students who have taken calculus are significantly more likely to succeed and less likely to fail that those who do not. On a Fall 2016 CS1 final exam, students who had not earned credit for a first course in college-level calculus were 2.8 times more likely to fail it than those who had (p=<0.0001,N=844). The mean final score for students with calculus was an 84, and those without was 61 (p=<0.0001). The result surprised the instructor, course staff, and faculty familiar with the course because the course itself does not emphasize mathematical or scientific computing. The course was Java-based, objects-early, and introduces both object-oriented and imperative programming fundamentals. The effect was evident across a range of problems, none seemingly requiring beyond basic algebra. In the Spring of 2017, the instructor and course staff set forth to explore these questions and close the math gap discovered in the Fall of 2016. This poster further proposes to develop interventions to aid those with a lower math maturity level through introducing a specialized CS1 to better accommodate those with a lower math maturity level by reducing the pace and installing prerequisites for the established CS1. Prospective Computer Science students at liberal arts colleges and universities enter with a wide range of mathematical backgrounds. Failing to acknowledge these disparities is demoralizing to students during their first course in CS and is counter-productive to inclusivity.

关键词： Math background Math programming CS1 Object-oriented programming imperative programming CS Education Inclusivity

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imperative self-adjusting computation

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ACM SIGPLAN NOTICES 2008年第1期43卷 309-322页

作者： Acar, Umut A. Ahmed, Amal Blume, Matthias Toyota Technol Inst Chicago IL USA

Self-adjusting computation enables writing programs that can automatically and efficiently respond to changes to their data (e. g., inputs). The idea behind the approach is to store all data that can change over time in modifiable references and to let computations construct traces that can drive change propagation. After changes have occurred, change propagation updates the result of the computation by re-evaluating only those expressions that depend on the changed data. Previous approaches to self-adjusting computation require that modifiable references be written at most once during execution-this makes the model applicable only in a purely functional setting. In this paper, we present techniques for imperative self-adjusting computation where modifiable references can be written multiple times. We define a language SAIL (Self-Adjusting imperative Language) and prove consistency, i.e., that change propagation and from-scratch execution are observationally equivalent. Since SAIL programs are imperative, they can create cyclic data structures. To prove equivalence in the presence of cycles in the store, we formulate and use an untyped, step-indexed logical relation, where step indices are used to ensure well-foundedness. We show that SAIL accepts an asymptotically efficient implementation by presenting algorithms and data structures for its implementation. When the number of operations (reads and writes) per modifiable is bounded by a constant, we show that change propagation becomes as efficient as in the non-imperative case. The general case incurs a slowdown that is logarithmic in the maximum number of such operations. We describe a prototype implementation of SAIL as a Standard ML library.

关键词： languages design semantics algorithms self-adjusting computation incremental computation step-indexed logical relations imperative programming change propagation memoization mutable state

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The Curse of the Excluded Middle

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COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 2014年第6期57卷 50-55页

作者： Meijer, Erik Appl Dual Inc Cupertino CA USA Delft Univ Technol Delft Netherlands

"Mostly functional" programming does not work.

关键词： COMPUTER software development FUNCTIONAL programming languages DEBUGGING in computer science imperative programming programming languages (Electronic computers) COMPUTER programmers

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