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An image feature-based method to efficiently determine inter-coding depth in HEVC

AEU-interNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS 2017年 71卷 96-104页

作者： Li, Xiangqun He, Xiaohai Peng, Xin Xiong, Shuhua Sichuan Univ Image Informat Inst Coll Elect & Informat Engn 29 Jiuyanqiao Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 Peoples R China Northwest Univ Nationalities Coll Elect Engn Lanzhou 730030 Peoples R China

The quad-tree based picture partition scheme in High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) results in a more substantial increase in computational complexity than those incurred by its predecessor video coding standards because of the need in this scheme to determine the best coding unit (CU) partitions. In this paper, we propose a method to effectively reduce the computational complexity of inter-prediction coding in the HEVC standard. The relative displacement of the largest coding unit (LCU) at the corresponding position between adjacent frames is tested through optical flow (motion estimation). The texture intensity of the LCU at the given time is tested if the condition that determines the coding depth in advance cannot be satisfied. The depth of the coding unit (CU) can be determined in advance beyond the xCompressCU function by using our proposed method, which does not require the calculation of the rate-distortion (RD) cost for each level of depth, and thus reduces the circular traversal times of the xCompressCU function. Experimental results proved that our proposed method is effective, as it reduced the computational complexity of an encoder by 53.2% on average, and had a slight influence on coding performance. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

关键词： High-efficiency video coding Image feature inter prediction inter coding

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A progressive CNN in-loop filtering approach for inter frame coding

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2021年 94卷 116201-116201页

作者： Ding, Dandan Kong, Lingyi Wang, Wenyu Zhu, Fengqing Hangzhou Normal Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Hangzhou Peoples R China Purdue Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structures have been designed for in-loop filtering to improve video coding performance. These CNN models are usually trained through learning the correlations between the reconstructed and the original frames, which are then applied to every single reconstructed frame to improve the overall video quality. This direct model training and deployment strategy is effective for intra coding since a locally optimal model is sufficient. However, when applied to inter coding, it causes over-filtering because the intertwined reference dependencies across inter frames are not taken into consideration. To address this issue, existing methods usually resort to the Rate?Distortion Optimization (RDO) to selectively apply the CNN model, but fail to address the limitation of using a local CNN model. In this paper, we propose a progressive approach to train and incorporate the CNN-based in-loop filters to work seamlessly with video encoders. First, we develop a progressive training method to obtain the inter model. Using transfer learning, reconstructed frames using the CNN model are progressively involved back into the training of the CNN model itself, to simulate the reference dependencies in inter coding. Next, we design a frame-level model selection strategy for the high-bitrate coding where the over-filtering effect is diluted. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the RDO method that utilizes only local model. Proposed approach also achieves comparable coding performance but with less computational complexity when integrating our progressive model into the RDO scheme.

关键词： CNN In-loop filtering Model training inter coding

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Attention-Based inter-Prediction for Versatile Video coding

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 84313-84322页

作者： Tran, Quang Nhat Yang, Shih-Hsuan Natl Taipei Univ Technol Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Taipei 106344 Taiwan Family Technol Co Ltd AI Ctr Da Nang 550000 Vietnam

Versatile Video coding (VVC) is the latest video coding standard, which provides significant coding efficiency to its successors based on new coding tools and flexibility. In this paper, we propose a generative adversarial network-based inter-picture prediction approach for VVC. The proposed method involves two major parts, deep attention map estimation and deep frame interpolation. Adjacent VVC-coded frames in every other frame are taken as the reference data for the proposed inter-picture prediction. The deep attention map classifies pixels into high-interest and low-interest. The low-interest pixels are replaced by the generated data from frame interpolation without extra coded bits, while the other pixels are encoded using the conventional VVC coding tools. The generation of the attention map and interpolated frame can be incorporated into the VVC encoding algorithm under a unified framework. Experimental results show that the proposed method improves the coding efficiency of VVC with a moderate increase (26.7%) in runtime. A BD-rate savings of 1.91% on average was achieved compared to the VVC reference software in the Random-Access configuration. A significant reduction in bitrate was observed for chroma components (U and V).

关键词： Attention map deep learning deep video coding tool generative adversarial networks (GANs) inter coding video coding Versatile Video coding (VVC)

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EFFECTIVE coding UNIT SIZE DECISION BASED ON MOTION HOMOGENEITY CLASSIFICATION FOR HEVC inter PREDICTION

EFFECTIVE CODING UNIT SIZE DECISION BASED ON MOTION HOMOGENE...

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IEEE international Conference on Image Processing

作者： Thanuja Mallikarachchi Anil Fernando Hemantha Kodikara Arachchi Centre for Vision Speech and Signal Processing University of Surrey

ISBN: (纸本)9781479957521

Determining the best partitioning structure for a given coding Tree Unit (CTU) is one of the most time consuming operations within the HEVC encoder. The brute force search through quad tree hierarchy has a significant impact on the encoding time especially on high definition (HD) videos. This paper presents a fast coding unit size decision-taking algorithm for inter prediction in HEVC. The proposed algorithm uses a motion homogeneity based classification approach utilizing RD cost as a feature vector. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves an average of 73.25% encoding time efficiency improvement with similar rate distortion performance compared to HEVC HM12.0 reference software.

关键词： Video coding HEVC inter coding CU Size Optimization

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Enhanced Adaptive Loop Filter for Motion Compensated Frame

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2011年第8期20卷 2177-2188页

作者： Yoo, Young-Joe Seo, Chan-Won Han, Jong-Ki Nguyen, Truong Q. Sejong Univ Dept Informat & Commun Engn Seoul South Korea Univ Calif San Diego Dept Elect & Comp Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA

We propose an adaptive loop filter to remove the redundancy between current and motion compensated frames so that the residual signal is minimized, thus coding efficiency increases. The loop filter coefficients and offset are optimized for each frame or a set of blocks to minimize the total energy of the residual signal resulting from motion estimation and compensation. The optimized loop filter with offset is applied for the set of blocks where the filtering process gives coding gain based upon rate-distortion cost. The proposed loop filter is used for the motion compensated frame whereas the conventional adaptive interpolation filter (AIF) is applied to the reference frames to interpolate the subpixel values. Another conventional scheme adaptive loop filter (ALF), is used after deblocking filtering to enhance quality of reconstructed frames, not to minimize energy of residual signal. The proposed loop filter can be used in combination with the AIF and ALF. Experimental results show that proposed algorithm provides the averaged bit reduction of 8% compared to conventional H.264/AVC scheme. When the proposed scheme is combined with AIF and ALF, the coding gain increases even further.

关键词： Adaptive loop filter inter coding motion compensation

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In favor of fully intra coding for HEVC video transmission over lossy channels

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SIGNAL IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING 2021年第1期15卷 165-173页

作者： Kazemi, Mohammad Univ Isfahan Dept Elect Engn Esfahan *** Iran

Packet loss is inevitable when the video is transmitted over lossy channels. HEVC, due to the relatively large coding unit and high compression ratio, is much sensitive to data loss. Against the data loss, the responses of inter or intra coded blocks/frames are not the same. In the case of intra coding, the inter-frame dependency is removed and hence the error propagation is mitigated. However, with intra coding, since there is no motion vector, error concealment is more challenging than inter coding. Another difference between inter and intra coding is compression ratio where it is usually much better when using inter prediction. In this paper, taking into account the above trade-offs, a series of experiments is conducted to show the domain of preference of intra or inter coding in the application of HEVC video transmission over packet lossy networks. It is achieved that, if ratio of bitrates of I-Frames and P-Frames is smaller than a threshold, fully intra coding provides higher PSNR than some complicated methods;the improvement is as much as 2.5 dB sometimes. The performance of the proposed method is not the best as experimental results show, but besides its acceptable Rate-Quality behavior, it provides some side advantages.

关键词： Video transmission Intra coding inter coding Error concealment

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H.264 Based Complexity Scalable Control Algorithm under Energy Constraints

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CHINESE JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS 2009年第4期18卷 639-644页

作者： Gao Xuejuan Zhuo Li Shen Lansun Beijing Univ Technol Signal & Informat Proc Lab Beijing 100124 Peoples R China

In order to control the complexity of H.264 encoder, we first proposed two efficient Complexity allocation and control (CAC) algorithms for both intra and inter coding respectively, based on a new Rate-distortion-complexity optimization (RDCO) framework and the rearrangement of candidate modes according to the local-edges and texture analysis. The CAC algorithms can be performed both at the frame level and the Macroblock (MB) level;then, within the proposed CAC algorithms, a whole complexity scalable control algorithm was given. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm can make an appropriate cut-off point for the candidate modes sequence adaptively according to current energy condition of a mobile device, so as to adjust the complexity at any target levels with minimum degradation in video quality. This can prolong the operational lifetime of the battery for hand-held devices.

关键词： Complexity control Rate-distortion-complexity optimization (RDCO) Intra coding inter coding H.264

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HISTORY-BASED MOTION VECTOR PREDICTION FOR FUTURE VIDEO coding

HISTORY-BASED MOTION VECTOR PREDICTION FOR FUTURE VIDEO CODI...

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IEEE international Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)

作者： Li, Junru Wang, Meng Zhang, Li Zhang, Kai Liu, Hongbin Wang, Shiqi Ma, Siwei Gao, Wen Peking Univ Inst Digital Media Beijing Peoples R China City Univ Hong Kong Dept Comp Sci Hong Kong Peoples R China Bytedance Inc San Diego CA 92122 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538695524

The third generation of the audio video coding standard (AVS3) is the latest standardization developed by Audio Video coding Standard Working Group of China on the basis of IEEE 1857.4. In this paper, we propose a History-based Motion Vector Prediction (HMVP) method for inter coding, which fully explores the history motion information of previous coded blocks. More specifically, an HMVP table, which records HMVP candidates, is elaborately maintained with limited capacity. In particular, the motion information of the previous coded blocks updates the HMVP table on-the-fly by appending the candidate to the last entry of the table after encoding or decoding an inter block. As such, the HMVP candidates act as additional modes for skip or direct modes to enhance coding efficiency. Besides, HMVP occupies limited memory to store motion info, which is crucial in real applications. Experimental results show that HMVP brings better coding performance with up to 1.38% and 2.33% BD-Rate reduction for random access and low-delay P configurations, respectively, on the latest TAVS3-2.2 platform. Moreover, nearly no encoding and decoding burden is introduced by HMVP. The proposed HMVP has been adopted by AVS3.

关键词： Motion information Motion vector prediction HMVP AVS3 inter coding SKIP/DIRECT mode

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FAST inter MODE DECISION FOR HEVC BASED ON TRANSPARENT COMPOSITE MODEL

FAST INTER MODE DECISION FOR HEVC BASED ON TRANSPARENT COMPO...

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IEEE international Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)

作者： Hu, Nan Yang, En-hui Univ Waterloo Dept Elect & Comp Engn Waterloo ON N21 3G1 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781479983391

In comparison with H.264/AVC, the newest video coding standard, High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC), improves video coding rate distortion (RD) performance, but at the price of significant increase in its encoding complexity, due to its complicated inter mode decision process. In HEVC inter coding, the actual RD costs of all combinations of coding units (CUs), prediction units (PUs), and transform units (TUs) have to be computed and then the combination (i.e., mode) with the minimum cost is selected and encoded. To reduce the inter mode decision complexity in HEVC while maintaining its coding efficiency, in this paper, a fast inter mode decision method based on a newly proposed Transparent Composite Model (TCM) is developed. Spatially and temporally homogeneities are identified by TCM, and then used, together with spatiotemporal correlation between CUs, to determine PU and CU partitions so that cost computations of unnecessary modes can be skipped. Experimental results show that, for the low delay main test configuration of HEVC, our method reduces, on average, the encoding time by 60.71% with an insignificant loss in coding efficiency (1.06% BD-Rate increase).

关键词： HEVC mode decision inter coding complexity reduction transparent composite model

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AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR EARLY SKIP MODE DECISION IN HEVC 25

AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR EARLY SKIP MODE DECISION IN HEVC

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25th IEEE international Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)

作者： Kim, Jieon Izquierdo, Ebroul Queen Mary Univ London Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci London England

ISBN: (纸本)9781479970612

High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) can provide up to twice better compression efficiency than its predecessor, H.264/Advanced Video coding (AVC) but its high encoding complexity is a main obstacle for practical applications. In this paper, an early SKIP mode decision scheme is proposed to reduce the complexity of inter mode decision in HEVC. The proposed method firstly employs the merge_flag information of spatial neighbouring candidates for the SKIP mode. In case the best spatial candidate of the SKIP mode is encoded with merge_flag equal to one, the rate-distortion (RD) cost value of 2Nx2N Merge or inter 2Nx2N PU mode is further exploited to determine the early SKIP mode for the current CU. Experimental results show that the proposed method can provide on average 39.07% encoder speed-up for an average 0.53% bitrate increase in Random Access (RA) main configuration compared to the HEVC test model (HM) 16.13 reference software.

关键词： HEVC rate-distortion inter coding complexity reduction merge mode skip mode

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