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Residue super-resolution convolutional neural network based complexity reduction for H.266 VVC intra-coding

ICT Express 2025年

作者： Dhanalakshmi, A. Balaji, L. Raja, C. Giri, Jayant Alrashoud, Mubarak Department of ECE Panimalar Engineering College Chennai India Department of ECE Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India Department of Mechanical Engineering Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering Nagpur India Division of Research and Development Lovely Professional University Phagwara India Chair of Smart Technologies College of Computer and Information Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Versatile Video coding (VVC) promised to provide the same video quality as HEVC with 50 % bitrate reduction, which was introduced in 2020. Our suggested method for VVC intra-coding is residue super-resolution convolutional neural network (RSR-CNN) utilizing downsampling and upsampling procedures. We present an effective complexity reduced VVC intra-coding scheme based on residue SR-CNN. Reducing an original video's resolution in both the vertical and horizontal directions is all that is required to execute down sampling. Increasing the video dimensions for improved visual quality, convolutional neural networks are utilized in the upsampling process to create residue super-resolution. Specifically, for every block, we train a CNN model to perform residue SR after downsampling and compressing the residue at low resolution, and then we carry out motion estimation (ME) and motion compensation (MC) to extract the residue. Using the MC prediction signal, a new residue SR-CNN is designed. Additionally, this work comprehensively examines the complexity and performance of VVC intra-coding tools and integrates them with the residue SR-CNN method. The experiments demonstrate a substantial time savings of 40 % in encoding with BDBR coding gains of 4.2 %, and 2.9 % in AI and RA configurations respectively. © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： intra-coding Low complexity PSNR Residue super-resolution convolutional neural network VVC

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BLINC: lightweight bimodal learning for low-complexity VVC intra-coding

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JOURNAL OF REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 2022年第4期19卷 791-807页

作者： Pakdaman, Farhad Adelimanesh, Mohammad Ali Hashemi, Mahmoud Reza Univ Mazandaran Fac Engn & Technol Babolsar *** Iran Univ Tehran Coll Engn Sch Elect & Comp Engn Tehran *** Iran

The latest video coding standard, versatile video coding (VVC), achieves almost twice coding efficiency compared to its predecessor, the high efficiency video coding (HEVC). However, achieving this efficiency (for intra coding) requires 31 x computational complexity compared to HEVC, which makes it challenging for low power and real-time applications. This paper, proposes a novel machine learning approach that jointly and separately employs two modalities of features, to simplify the intra coding decision. To do so, first a set of features are extracted that use the existing DCT core of VVC, to assess the texture characteristics, and forms the first modality of data. This produces high-quality features with almost no extra computational overhead. The distribution of intra modes at the neighboring blocks is also used to form the second modality of data, which provides statistical information about the frame, unlike the first modality. Second, a two-step feature reduction method is designed that reduces the size of feature set, such that a lightweight model with a limited number of parameters can be used to learn the intra mode decision task. Third, three separate training strategies are proposed (1) an offline training strategy using the first (single) modality of data, (2) an online training strategy that uses the second (single) modality, and (3) a mixed online-offline strategy that uses bimodal learning. Finally, a low-complexity encoding algorithms is proposed based on the proposed learning strategies. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed methods can reduce up to 24% of encoding time, with a negligible loss of coding efficiency. Moreover, it is demonstrated how a bimodal learning strategy can boost the performance of learning. Lastly, the proposed method has a very low computational overhead (0.2%), and uses existing components of a VVC encoder, which makes it much more practical compared to competing solutions.

关键词： Complexity reduction Versatile video coding (VVC) intra-coding Multi-modal learning Multilayer perceptron (MLP)

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Fast intra-coding unit partition decision in H.266/FVC based on deep learning

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JOURNAL OF REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 2020年第6期17卷 1971-1981页

作者： Amna, Maraoui Imen, Werda Ezahra, Sayadi Fatma Mohamed, Atri Univ Monastir Fac Sci Monastir Elect & Microelect Lab Environm St Monastir 5019 Tunisia Elect & Informat Technol Lab Sfax Tunisia King Khalid Univ Coll Comp Sci Abha Saudi Arabia

In the recent Future Video coding (FVC) standard developed by the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET), the quad-tree binary-tree (QTBT) block partition module makes use of rectangular block forms and additional square block sizes compared to quad-tree (QT) block partitioning module proposed in the predecessor High-Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) standard. This block flexibility, induced with the QTBT module, significantly improves compression performance while it dramatically increases coding complexity due to the brute force search for Rate Distortion Optimization (RDO). To cope with this issue, it is necessary to consider the unique characteristics of QTBT in FVC. In this paper, we propose a fast QT partitioning algorithm based on a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict coding unit (CU) partition instead of RDO which enhances considerably QTBT performance for intra-mode coding. Based on a suitable diversified CU partition patterns database, the optimization process is set up with three levels CNN structure developed to learn the split or non-split decision from the established database. Experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm can accelerate the QTBT block partition structure by reducing the intra-mode encoding time by an average of 35% with a bit rate increase of 1.7%, allowing its application in practical scenarios.

关键词： H266 Future video coding intra-coding Convolutional neural network Quad-tree plus binary-tree Rate distortion optimization

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An efficient edge detection algorithm for fast intra-coding for 3D video extension of HEVC

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JOURNAL OF REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 2019年第6期16卷 2093-2105页

作者： Hamout, Hamza Elyousfi, Abderrahmane Ibn Zohr Univ Agadir Morocco Comp Syst & Vis Lab Fac Sci BP 8106 Agadir Morocco Ibn Zohr Univ Agadir Morocco Natl Engn Sch Appl Sci ENSA Dept Comp Sci BP 1136 Agadir Morocco

The high efficiency video coding (HEVC)-based 3D video coding (3D-HEVC) has been recently standardized by the Joint Collaborative Team on 3D video coding as a 3D extension of HEVC. The 3D-HEVC has been developed to improve the coding efficiency of Multi-view Video plus Depth. intra-prediction is considered as an important technique in image and video compression, which aims to exploit spatial correlation within one picture. The use of the variable coding unit size and multiple intra-prediction modes makes the intra-coding of 3D-HEVC very efficient. However, the computational complexity is increased significantly. This paper presents a low complexity mode decision algorithm for 3D-HEVC intra-prediction based on local edge information.

关键词： 3D-HEVC intra-coding JCT-3V Tensor structure Isotropic Gaussian filter

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Reduction of intra-coding time for HEVC based on temporary direction map

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JOURNAL OF REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 2020年第3期17卷 567-579页

作者： Heidari, Behnam Ramezanpour, Mohammadreza Islamic Azad Univ Dept Comp Engn Mahallat Branch Mahallat Iran Islamic Azad Univ Mobarakeh Branch Dept Comp Engn Esfahan Iran

The high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard uses 35 intra-prediction modes for 2(N) x 2(N) (N is an integer number ranging from six to two) luma blocks and five modes for chroma blocks. To find the luma block with the minimum rate-distortion, it must perform 11935 different rate-distortion cost calculations. Although this approach improves coding efficiency compared to the previous standards such as H.264/AVC, computational complexity is increased significantly. In this paper, an intra-prediction technique has been described to improve the performance of the HEVC standard by minimizing its computational complexity. The proposed algorithm consists of two stages. The first stage, called prediction unit size decision (PUSD) was introduced to decrease evaluation of prediction unit sizes by ~ 38%. The second stage called prediction mode fast decision (PMFD) was developed to minimize the number of modes in the rough mode decision (RMD) stage. The simulation results show that the time complexity is decreased by ~ 47%, while the BD rate is increased by 1.08%, and PSNR is decreased by 0.04 db. Accordingly, the proposed algorithms have a negligible effect on the video quality with great saving in the time complexity.

关键词： intra-coding Prediction mode decision Temporary direction map coding unit size decision HEVC

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A fast DEA-based intra-coding algorithm for HEVC

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2018年第2期77卷 1861-1881页

作者： Yao, Yingbiao Jia, Tianjie Li, Xiaojuan Lu, Yu Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Coll Commun Engn Hangzhou Xiasha 2 Rd Hangzhou 310018 Zhejiang Peoples R China

As the newest video coding standard, High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) greatly enhances the encoding performance of H. 264/AVC. However, HEVC also has high computational complexity, which limits application of this new standard. In this paper, we propose a fast DEA-based intra-coding algorithm, including block partitioning;prediction mode selection and edge offset (EO) class decision algorithms. The idea behind the proposed algorithm is to utilize the texture characteristics of the encoding image, which are quantified by dominant edge assent (DEA) and its distribution, to reduce the decision space. Specifically, for block partitioning, we propose the most possible depth range (MPDR) and employ DEA to determine whether the current coding block can use the MPDR to predict the partitioning depth or not;for intra-prediction mode selection, we use DEA and its distribution to reduce the range of prediction direction;for the EO class decision, we use DEA to determine the EO class of the sample adaptive offset. We integrate the proposed algorithm into the test model HM 13.0 and present a detailed comparative analysis. Experimental results show that the proposed fast DEA-based intra-coding algorithm reduces the computational complexity of HM 13.0 to about 46% in encoding time with 2.08% increases in the Biontegaard-Delta bitrate (BD-rate). Moreover, the proposed algorithm also demonstrates better performance over other state-of-the-art work.

关键词： HEVC intra-coding Dominant edge assent Block partitioning intra-prediction mode selection EOclass decision

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Low-Complexity intra-coding Scheme for HEVC

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CIRCUITS SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING 2016年第12期35卷 4331-4349页

作者： Shang, Xiwu Wang, Guozhong Fan, Tao Li, Yan Zuo, Yifan Shanghai Univ Shanghai 200444 Peoples R China

Compared with H.264/AVC, the latest video standard High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) known as H.265 improves the coding efficiency by adopting the quadtree splitting structure which is flexible in representing various textural and structural information in images. However, the computational complexity is dramatically increased, especially in the intra-mode decision process owing to supporting more partitions and modes. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity algorithm for HEVC intra-coding, which consists of a fast coding unit (CU) size decision (FCUSD) method and a fast prediction unit (PU) mode decision (FPUMD) method. In FCUSD, unnecessary CU sizes are skipped early according to the depth level of neighboring CUs and the rate distortion (RD) cost threshold derived from the former coded frame. In FPUMD, the PU mode and RD cost correlations between different depth levels are utilized to terminate unnecessary candidate modes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve about 50.99 % computational complexity reduction on average with 1.18 % BD-rate increase and 0.08 dB BD-psnr loss.

关键词： Low complexity intra-coding HEVC CU size PU mode

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Prediction mode grouping and coding bits grouping based on texture complexity for Fast HEVC intra-coding

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JOURNAL OF REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 2021年第3期18卷 839-856页

作者： Wang, Jianhua Ji, Bang Wang, Haozhan Cheng, Lianglun South China Agr Univ Coll Elect Engn Guangzhou 510642 Peoples R China Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore Natl Ctr Int Collaborat Res Precis Agr Aviat Guangzhou 510642 Peoples R China Guangdong Univ Technol Fac Automat Guangzhou 510005 Peoples R China

HEVC (High Efficiency Video coding) as one of the newest international video coding standard, can achieve about 50% bit rate reduction compared with H.264/AVC (Advanced Video coding) with the same perceptual quality by the use of flexible CTU (coding tree unit) structure, but at the same time, it also dramatically adds its computational complexity for HEVC. To reduce the computational complexity, a fast intra-prediction mode and CU (coding Unit) size decision algorithm based on prediction mode and coding bits grouping is presented for HEVC intra-encoding in this paper. The contribution of this paper lies in the fact that we successfully use the prediction mode grouping and coding bits grouping technologies to rapidly realize the optimal prediction mode and size decision for the current CU, thus saving much computation complexity for HEVC. Specifically, in our scheme, first, we use grouping technology to group 35 intra-prediction modes into 5 subsets of candidate modes list according to the texture complexity of current PU (Prediction Unit), and each subset only contains 11 intra-prediction modes, which can greatly reduce the traversing and calculating number of candidate mode in RMD (Rough Mode Decision);second, we use coding bits grouping technology to quickly judge whether the current CU needs to be further divided on the basis of the studying of texture complexity in the current CU, which can reduce many unnecessary prediction and partition operations for the current CU;at last we use the fast intra-mode prediction and CU size decision algorithm above to quickly realize the optimal encoding for the current CU in HEVC. As a result, the high computational complexity in HEVC intra-encoding can be efficiently reduced by our proposed scheme. And the simulation results of our experiments show that our proposed fast intra-coding algorithm based on prediction mode and coding bit grouping in this paper can reduce about 49.10% computational complexity on average only at a

关键词： HEVC intra-coding Prediction mode grouping coding bits grouping Texture complexity

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Cross residual transform for lossless intra-coding for HEVC

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2013年第10期28卷 1335-1341页

作者： Hong, Sung-Wook Kwak, Jae Hee Lee, Yung-Lyul Sejong Univ Dept Comp Engn Digital Media Syst Lab Seoul South Korea

A new lossless intra-coding method based on a cross residual transform is applied to the next generation video coding standard HEVC (High Efficiency Video coding). HEVC includes a multi-directional spatial prediction method to reduce spatial redundancy by using neighboring pixels as a prediction for the pixels in a block of data to be encoded. In the new lossless intra-coding method, the spatial prediction is performed as pixelwise DPCM but is implemented as block-based manner by using cross residual transform on the HEVC standard. The experimental results show that the new lossless intra-coding method reduces the bit rate of approximately 8.43% in comparison with the lossless-intra coding method in the HEVC standard and the proposed method results in slightly better compression ratio than the JPEG200 lossless coding. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： HEVC intra-coding Loss less video coding Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) Residual transform Cross residual transform

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Improved CAVLC for H.264/AVC Lossless intra-coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2010年第2期20卷 213-222页

作者： Heo, Jin Kim, Seung-Hwan Ho, Yo-Sung GIST Dept Informat & Commun Kwangju 500712 South Korea Univ So Calif Dept Elect Engn Los Angeles CA 90089 USA

Context-based adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) for the H.264/advanced video coding (AVC) standard was originally designed for lossy video coding, and as such does not yield adequate performance for lossless video coding. In this paper, we propose an improved CAVLC for lossless intra-coding by considering the statistical differences in residual data between lossy and lossless coding. From experimental results, we confirm that the proposed method provides approximately 9% bit saving in terms of a compression ratio compared with the current H.264/AVC fidelity range extensions high profile.

关键词： Context-based adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) H.264/AVC intra-coding lossless video coding

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