Wireless sensor networks have been used widely in environmental tracking and monitoring. Nevertheless, WSNs are facing a number of challenges, such as unreasonable cluster head selection and energy-hole problems while...
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Wireless sensor networks have been used widely in environmental tracking and monitoring. Nevertheless, WSNs are facing a number of challenges, such as unreasonable cluster head selection and energy-hole problems while nodes have unbalanced energy consumption. Thus, the paper aims to propose an energy-efficient non-uniform clustering routing protocol to enhance nodes energy efficiency and balance the energy consumption in WSNs. In addition, a non-uniform clustering network partition is introduce to reduce the probability of energy hole occurrences and optimize cluster heads dynamical selection method to suggest an improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm. Ultimately, the simulation experiment has demonstrated a 20% gain of energy efficiency to extend network lifetime by the proposed protocol and enhanced algorithm.
In channel optimization, the objective function and the oft-used trapezoidal cross-section channel in excavation models are not comprehensive. The parabolic composite section channel is a new type of channel with a pa...
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In channel optimization, the objective function and the oft-used trapezoidal cross-section channel in excavation models are not comprehensive. The parabolic composite section channel is a new type of channel with a parabolic slope and a horizontal bottom. To improve channel optimization, we propose models of a parabolic composite section channel constructed with excavation, filling, and half-filling. We establish three parabolic composite cross-section channel models that consider freeboard, and we establish three construction methods. The objective is to minimize the combined cost of excavation, filling, and concrete lining, and the objective function covers all construction methods and construction costs. To avoid missing the feasible optimal solution, the shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (SFLA) is used to optimize the three channel models. An objective function within the acceptable range of parameter variation is represented by a MATLAB 3D rainbow graph, and sensitivity analyses of various section parameters are carried out. The results show that the model constructed with excavation has the lowest investment cost. The bottom width of the parabolic composite channel is 1.74 m, the channel top width is 5.69 m, the channel depth is 3.22 m, the channel excavation section area is 14.1 m(2), the channel section lining length is 9.62 m, and the minimum cost per kilometre is 591,000 yuan. SFLA is superior to the differential evolution, artificial bee colony, and particle swarm optimization algorithms in terms of convergence speed and optimization accuracy, and the objective function is the least sensitive to the opening width of the parabola.
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