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Applying SOLID principles for the refactoring of legacy code: An experience report

JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2025年 220卷

作者： Yanakiev, Ivan Lazar, Bogdan-Mihai Capiluppi, Andrea Univ Groningen Dept Comp Sci Groningen Netherlands ASML Veldhoven Netherlands

The presence of technical debt in legacy systems is an inevitable consequence of years of development. Metrics playa significant role in informing the prioritisation process of maintenance activities to reduce this debt. However, it is important to note that not all metrics are equally important or readily available in real industrial settings. This paper summarises an experience report of refactoring activities performed at a Dutch partnering company, aimed at identifying, prioritising and repaying parts of the architectural technical debt accumulated in two decades of development. Given the size of the refactoring task, a data-driven prioritisation was necessary, and based on the impact that the maintenance activity would have on the base system. However, the metrics available from the monitoring of the system formed a limited set, and were not always focused on architectural aspects. Even so, the impact analysis was performed and resulted in the selection of a subset of components that needed urgent maintenance. The refactoring of the identified components was centred around the well-known SOLID design principles, particularly the Dependency Inversion (DI) principle. Additionally, a set of recurring actions was established into 'refactoring patterns' and systematically applied to more than 5,000 source, header and custom domain language files. This work, albeit limited to the period where the activity was planned for, was well received by the industrial collaborator. The patterns have proven very valuable in the process of maintaining such a large project scope. The data-driven approach and the identified patterns have helped the team navigate this large space and consistently refactor similar architectural issues that fall under the same category.

关键词： Refactoring Industrial case legacy code SOLID principles

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Setting checkpoints in legacy code to improve fault-tolerance

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2008年第6期81卷 920-928页

作者： Leach, Ronald J. Howard Univ Dept Syst & Comp Sci Washington DC 20059 USA

In this paper we describe the results of a study of the insertion of checkpoints within a legacy software system in the aerospace domain. The purpose of the checkpoints was to improve program fault-tolerance during program execution by rolling back system control to a saved state from which program execution can continue. The study used novice programmers for the determination of where the checkpoints were to be added. The focus was on the programmer's understanding of the code, since this affected how the checkpoints were placed. The results should provide guidance to those interested in improving the fault-tolerance of legacy software systems, especially those written in older, nearly obsolescent programming languages. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： fault-tolerant software checkpoint forward recovery backward recovery legacy code reengineering

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legacy code support for production grids 05

Legacy code support for production grids

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6th International Workshop on Grid Computing

作者： Kiss, T Terstyanszky, G Kecskemeti, G Illes, S Delaittre, T Winter, S Kacsuk, P Sipos, G Univ Westminster London W1W 6UW England

ISBN: (纸本)0780394925

In order to improve reliability and to deal with the high complexity of existing middleware solutions, today's production Grid systems restrict the services to be deployed on their resources. On the other hand end-users require a wide range of value added services to fully utilize these resources. This paper describes a solution how legacy code support is offered as third party service for production Grids. The introduced solution, based on the Grid Execution Management for legacy code Architecture (GEMLCA), do not require the deployment of additional applications on the Grid resources, or any extra effort from Grid system administrators. The implemented solution was successfully connected to and demonstrated on the UK National Grid Service.

关键词： grid portal grid service legacy code production Grid

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AN ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH TO BUILDING GRIDS USING legacy code

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PARALLEL PROCESSING LETTERS 2007年第4期17卷 363-378页

作者： Gamess, Eric Cent Univ Venezuela Escuela Computac Caracas Venezuela

In this paper, we present a new architecture to build grids that can execute parallel programs based on legacy code. This architecture is layer based and software component performances are validated with benchmarks. To illustrate the construction of a grid using the proposed architecture, we develop a case study that consists of a grid oriented to efficient execution of Java bytecode for which we validate and integrate legacy code of parallel linear algebra.

关键词： Architecture Grids High Performance Computing legacy code Benchmarks Parallel Linear Algebra

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Distributed Parallelizability Analysis of legacy code 16

Distributed Parallelizability Analysis of Legacy Code

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16th IEEE ISPA / 17th IEEE IUCC / 8th IEEE BDCloud / 11th IEEE SocialCom / 8th IEEE SustainCom

作者： Zhao, Junfeng Zhao, Zhimei Yang, Hongji Inner Mongolia Univ Coll Comp Sci Hohhot Peoples R China Univ Leicester Dept Informat Leicester Leics England

ISBN: (纸本)9781728111414

With the emergence of cloud computing and big data, migrating legacy systems to a cloud platform has become a trend. To make full use of the parallel advantage of cloud computing, it is necessary to refactor the legacy code according to the programming model of cloud computing. Before that, the parallelizability analysis is the first thing to do. In this paper, an approach is proposed for the distributed parallelizability analysis of legacy code, which is based on the analysis of dependency between loop iterations. According to the categories of the traditional dependency, the dependency between loop iterations is divided into three types, and the judgment rules of the dependency between loop iterations are proposed. Then a Distributed Parallelizability Analysis Tool (DPAT) based on Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) was developed to identify and annotate the parallelizable loops. Experimental results show that the approach can effectively identify the parallelizable code fragments, which will be the target objects of refactoring. In contrast to the existing approaches, our method can identify parallelizability between loop iterations and not limit the type of the loop.

关键词： legacy code abstract syntax tree distributed parallelizability analysis dependency between loop iterations

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GEMLCA: Running legacy code applications as Grid services

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Journal of Grid Computing 2005年第1-2期3卷 75-90页

作者： Delaitre, Thierry Kiss, Tamas Goyeneche, Ariel Terstyanszky, Gabor Winter, Stephen Kacsuk, Peter Centre of Parallel Computing University of Westminster London W1W 6UW 115 New Cavendish Street United Kingdom MTA SZTAKI Budapest 1111 Kende u. 13 Hungary

There are many legacy code applications that cannot be run in a Grid environment without significant modification. To avoid re-engineering of legacy code, we developed the Grid Execution Management for legacy code Architecture (GEMLCA) that enables deployment of legacy code applications as Grid services. GEMLCA implements a general architecture for deploying legacy applications as Grid services without the need for code re-engineering, or even access to the source files. With GEMLCA, only a user-level understanding is required to run a legacy application from a standard Grid service client. The legacy code runs in its native environment using the GEMLCA resource layer to communicate with the Grid client, thus hiding the legacy nature of the application and presenting it as a Grid service. GEMLCA as a Grid service layer supports submitting jobs, getting their results and status back. The paper introduces the GEMLCA concept, its life cycle, design and implementation. It also presents as an example a legacy simulation code that has been successfully transformed into a Grid service using GEMLCA. © Springer 2005.

关键词： Grid computing Grid Portal Grid service legacy code OGSA WSRF

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An Evaluation of Methods to Port legacy code to SGX Enclaves 2020

An Evaluation of Methods to Port Legacy Code to SGX Enclaves

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28th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE)

作者： Shanker, Kripa Joseph, Arun Ganapathy, Vinod Indian Inst Sci Bangalore Karnataka India

ISBN: (纸本)9781450370431

The Intel Security Guard Extensions (SGX) architecture enables the abstraction of enclaved execution, using which an application can protect its code and data from powerful adversaries, including system software that executes with the highest processor privilege. While the Intel SGX architecture exports an ISA with low-level instructions that enable applications to create enclaves, the task of writing applications using this ISA has been left to the software community. We consider the problem of porting legacy applications to SGX enclaves. In the approximately four years to date since the Intel SGX became commercially available, the community has developed three different models to port applications to enclaves-the library OS, the library wrapper, and the instruction wrapper models. In this paper, we conduct an empirical evaluation of the merits and costs of each model. We report on our attempt to port a handful of real-world application benchmarks (including OpenSSL, Memcached, a Web server and a Python interpreter) to SGX enclaves using prototypes that embody each of the above models. Our evaluation focuses on the merits and costs of each of these models from the perspective of the effort required to port code under each of these models, the effort to re-engineer an application to work with enclaves, the security offered by each model, and the runtime performance of the applications under these models.

关键词： SGX enclaves porting legacy code

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Random Test Case Generation and Manual Unit Testing: Substitute or Complement in Retrofitting Tests for legacy code?

Random Test Case Generation and Manual Unit Testing: Substit...

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38th EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA) / 15th EUROMICRO Digital Systems Design (DSD)

作者： Ramler, Rudolf Winkler, Dietmar Schmidt, Martina Software Competence Ctr Hagenberg Softwarepk 21 A-4232 Hagenberg Austria Vienna Univ Technol Inst Software Technol & CDL Flex A-1040 Vienna Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9780769547909

Unit testing of legacy code is often characterized by the goal to find a maximum number of defects with minimal effort. In context of restrictive time frames and limited resources, approaches for generating test cases promise increased defect detection effectiveness. This paper presents the results of an empirical study investigating the effectiveness of (a) manual unit testing conducted by 48 master students within a time limit of 60 minutes and (b) tool-supported random test case generation with Randoop. Both approaches have been applied on a Java collection class library containing 35 seeded defects. With the specific settings, where time and resource restrictions limit the performance of manual unit testing, we found that (1) the number of defects detected by random test case generation is in the range of manual unit testing and, furthermore, (2) the randomly generated test cases detect different defects than manual unit testing. Therefore, random test case generation seems a useful aid to jump start manual unit testing of legacy code.

关键词： unit testing test case generation random testing legacy code empirical study

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Refactoring legacy code using Cleaning Up Cycles: An Experience Report 40

Refactoring Legacy Code using Cleaning Up Cycles: An Experie...

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40th International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution

作者： Girjoaba, Andrei, V Capiluppi, Andrea Univ Groningen Dept Comp Sci Groningen Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9798350395693;9798350395686

Due to the lack of standards at the time they were written, many codebases suffer from reduced code quality. Some of these systems can not be replaced and need to be maintained to guarantee the healthy development of the software. In the context of this paper, we are presenting a case study performed on the legacy codebase of ASML, a leading Dutch company specializing in the design and manufacture of advanced semiconductor lithography equipment. As new policies were enforced within the company, many specific interfaces were deprecated. The presence of such obsolete interfaces in the codebase adds to the overall complexity of the legacy system, while also permitting a future violation of the Interface Segregation Principle, one of the five SOLID design principles. The objective of this paper is to present our experience with refactoring the specified interfaces. Besides performing the cleanup, we were tasked to find an optimal, iterative, and repeatable approach to performing the clean-up of these interfaces while documenting our findings in a reproducible manner for future employees. To discover an efficient clean-up strategy, we used the Action Research methodology. Going through the "Planning", "Acting", "Observing" and "Reflecting" phases of this methodology repeatedly, we revised the strategy and executed our refactoring work accordingly. After multiple refactoring operations, our process stabilized and we introduced the "Cleaning-Up Cycle". We spent less time and had fewer failures per interface as our cycle evolved, despite attempting more complex types of interfaces later. We found the Clean-Up Cycle to represent a valuable strategy when executing this type of refactoring. This was fed back to the ASML team and considered the foundation for future employees continuing our work.

关键词： Industrial experience Refactoring legacy code SOLID principles

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Clean code in Python: Refactor your legacy code base 1

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2018年

作者： Mariano Anaya

ISBN: (数字)9781788837064

ISBN: (纸本)9781788835831

Getting the most out of Python to improve your codebase Key Features • Save maintenance costs by learning to fix your legacy codebase • Learn the principles and techniques of refactoring • Apply microservices to your legacy systems by implementing practical techniques Book Description Python is currently used in many different areas such as software construction, systems administration, and data processing. In all of these areas, experienced professionals can find examples of inefficiency, problems, and other perils, as a result of bad code. After reading this book, readers will understand these problems, and more importantly, how to correct them. The book begins by describing the basic elements of writing clean code and how it plays an important role in Python programming. You will learn about writing efficient and readable code using the Python standard library and best practices for software design. You will learn to implement the SOLID principles in Python and use decorators to improve your code. The book delves more deeply into object oriented programming in Python and shows you how to use objects with descriptors and generators. It will also show you the design principles of software testing and how to resolve software problems by implementing design patterns in your code. In the final chapter we break down a monolithic application to a microservice one, starting from the code as the basis for a solid platform. By the end of the book, you will be proficient in applying industry approved coding practices to design clean, sustainable and readable Python code. What you will learn • Set up tools to effectively work in a development environment • Explore how the magic methods of Python can help us write better code • Examine the traits of Python to create advanced object-oriented design • Understand removal of duplicated code using decorators and descriptors • Effectively refactor code with the help of unit tests • Learn to implement the SOLID principles i

关键词： Pytest Python legacy code legacy system refactoring Test Driven Development Microservices agile development

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