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An Estimator for the ASIC Footprint Area of lightweight Cryptographic algorithms

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS 2014年第2期10卷 1216-1225页

作者： Martin, Honorio Peris-Lopez, Pedro Tapiador, Juan E. San Millan, Enrique Univ Carlos III Madrid Dept Elect Technol Leganes 28911 Spain Univ Carlos III Madrid Comp Secuirty Lab Leganes 28911 Spain

In resource-constrained devices such as RFID tags or implantable medical devices, algorithm designers need to make careful choices to ensure that their proposals are sufficiently efficient for the target platform. A common way of expressing such restrictions is in terms of an upper bound for the maximum available footprint area in gate equivalents (GE). For example, RFID tags conforming to standards EPC Class-1 Generation-2 and ISO/IEC 18000-6C can devote up to 4K GE to security functions. However, in most cases, algorithm designers are not hardware experts, nor they have any quantitative means to find out how much area their designs would occupy in a given technology. In this paper, we attempt to fill this gap by providing an estimate of the upper bound for the footprint area of any algorithm. Our approach takes into account the main components of such algorithms, namely, basic arithmetic/logic operations and additional hardware such as registers and multiplexers. We believe that our proposal can help designers in making informed decisions about what kind of algorithmic structures can be afforded for a target environment.

关键词： ASIC implementations footprint area lightweight algorithms radio frequency identification (RFID) VHDL

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A chaos-based lightweight encryption scheme using hash-code and cyclic rotation

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PHYSICA SCRIPTA 2025年第4期100卷 045203-045203页

作者： Kaya, Yasin Gurkas-Aydin, Zeynep Akgul, Akif Istanbul Univ Cerrahpasa Dept Comp Engn Istanbul Turkiye Hitit Univ Fac Engn Dept Comp Engn TR-19030 Corum Turkiye

This study introduces a novel lightweight encryption scheme for platforms with limited resources utilizing chaotic systems. We employ a dual logistic map, utilizing the first map to determine cyclic rotation step counts for rows and columns in the confusion phase, and the second map for the XoR operation in the diffusion phase. Input parameters of the first logistic map are derived from only the secret key while the input parameters of the second logistic map are derived from the secret key and hash value of plaintext together. Since we use the hash value of the plaintext to determine the input parameter of the second logistic map, our schema is highly resistant to differential attacks. On average, it produces over %99.57 NPCR value and about %33.45 UACI value in case of one-pixel change in the plaintext. It also produces an information entropy value of over 7.9971 on average. Since we use a double logistic map, our scheme is resistant to brute force attacks via about 196 bits of key length. Firstly, we calculate the hash value of the plaintext which will be used to determine the input parameter of the second logistic map. Then we employ cyclic rotation operation for all rows and all columns utilizing the key stream generated by the first logistic map at the permutation stage. Subsequently, we performed the XoR operation to the output, utilizing the key stream of the second logistic map which is initialized with the hash value and secret key. Since we need the hash value of the plaintext in the decryption process, we need to save it in the ciphertext. So, we add a new row at the bottom of the ciphertext to make room for the hash value. We save and distribute it into the matrix by swapping operations and obtaining final ciphertext. To decrypt the ciphertext, we follow these steps in reverse order. First, we extract the hash value of the original plaintext from the ciphertext. Then, we apply XOR and cyclic rotation operations. Our test and analysis results demonstrate

关键词： nonlinear dynamics chaos encryption lightweight algorithms hash-code

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Statistical Differential Fault Analysis of the Saturnin lightweight Cryptosystem in the Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY 2023年 18卷 1487-1496页

作者： Li, Wei Liu, Chun Gu, Dawu Gao, Jianning Sun, Wenqian Donghua Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Shanghai 201620 Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Shanghai Key Lab Scalable Comp & Syst Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China

Mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) have blended into a new application scenario to create revolutionary intelligent cities and handle numerous challenges of security, adaptability, and robustness as wireless technology has advanced. Exploiting lightweight cryptosystems is considered one of the main approaches for MWSNs to achieve confidentiality, integrity, and authentication to prevent malicious cyberattacks and resource abuses. The Saturnin lightweight cryptosystem, presented at ToSC in 2020, can be applied to protect MWSNs. No literature suggests Saturnin can defend against a ciphertext-only attack, where the attackers are the most susceptible. This study proposes the novel statistical differential fault analysis (SDFA) in this attack scenario with double distinguishers of square Chi-maximum likelihood estimate and Dice-Hamming weight. Following the experiments, it recovered the 256-bit secret key using 656 faults in the fourth-to-last round of Saturnin. Compared to the classic statistical fault analysis (SFA), the novel SDFA can expand fault injections to the deeper round and decrease the faults by half with a reliability of at least 99%. It gives an essential reference for figuring out how secure lightweight cryptosystems in MWSNs are.

关键词： Ciphers Security Robot sensing systems Wireless sensor networks Cryptography Encryption Light emitting diodes Mobile wireless sensor networks lightweight algorithms side-channel analysis statistical fault analysis statistical differential fault analysis Saturnin

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Software randomness analysis and evaluation of lightweight ciphers: the prospective for IoT security

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2018年第14期77卷 18415-18449页

作者： Qasaimeh, Malik Al-Qassas, Raad S. Tedmori, Sara Princess Sumaya Univ Technol Dept Software Engn POB 1438 Amman 11941 Jordan Princess Sumaya Univ Technol Dept Comp Sci POB 1438 Amman 11941 Jordan

In the past few years, various lightweight cryptographic algorithms have been proposed to balance the trade-offs between the requirements of resource constrained IoT devices and the need to securely transmit and protect data. However, it is critical to analyze and evaluate these algorithms to examine their capabilities. This paper provides a thorough investigation of the randomness of ciphertext obtained from Simeck, Kasumi, DES and AES. The design of our randomness analysis is based on five metrics implemented following the guidance of the NIST statistical test suite for cryptographic applications. This analysis also provides performance and power consumption evaluations for the selected cryptographic algorithms using different platforms and measures. Results from the evaluation reveal that lightweight algorithms have competitive randomness levels, lower processing time and lower power consumption when compared to conventional algorithms.

关键词： Randomness analysis lightweight algorithms Data encryption Internet of things NIST test

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lightweight encryption for short-range wireless biometric authentication systems in Industry 4.0

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INTEGRATED COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING 2022年第2期29卷 153-173页

作者： Bordel, Borja Alcarria, Ramon Robles, Tomas Univ Politecn Madrid Dept Informat Syst Madrid Spain Univ Politecn Madrid Dept Geospatial Engn Madrid Spain

Most recent solutions for users' authentication in Industry 4.0 scenarios are based on unique biological characteristics that are captured from users and recognized using artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. These biometric applications tend to be computationally heavy, so to monitor users in an unobtrusive manner, sensing and processing modules are physically separated and connected through point-to-point wireless communication technologies. However, in this approach, sensors are very resource constrained, and common cryptographic techniques to protect private users' information while traveling in the radio channel cannot be implemented because their computational cost. Thus, new security solutions for those biometric authentication systems in their short-range wireless communications are needed. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new cryptographic approach addressing this scenario. The proposed solution employs lightweight operations to create a secure symmetric encryption solution. This cipher includes a pseudo-random number generator based, also, on simple computationally low-cost operations in order to create the secret key. In order to preserve and provide good security properties, the key generation and the encryption processes are fed with a chaotic number sequence obtained through the numerical integration of a new four-order hyperchaotic dynamic. An experimental analysis and a performance evaluation are provided in the experimental section, showing the good behavior of the described solution.

关键词： Cryptography chaos numerical methods XOR Industry 4.0 wireless security privacy lightweight algorithms

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Robust and Computationally lightweight Autonomous Tracking of Vehicle Taillights and Signal Detection by Embedded Smart Cameras

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2015年第6期62卷 3732-3741页

作者： Almagambetov, Akhan Velipasalar, Senem Casares, Mauricio Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ Dept Comp Elect & Software Engn Prescott AZ 86301 USA Syracuse Univ Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Syracuse NY 13244 USA Schneider Elect USA Inc Palatine IL 60067 USA

An important aspect of collision avoidance and driver assistance systems, as well as autonomous vehicles, is the tracking of vehicle taillights and the detection of alert signals (turns and brakes). In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a robust and computationally lightweight algorithm for a real-time vision system, capable of detecting and tracking vehicle taillights, recognizing common alert signals using a vehicle-mounted embedded smart camera, and counting the cars passing on both sides of the vehicle. The system is low-power and processes scenes entirely on the microprocessor of an embedded smart camera. In contrast to most existing work that addresses either daytime or nighttime detection, the presented system provides the ability to track vehicle taillights and detect alert signals regardless of lighting conditions. The mobile vision system has been tested in actual traffic scenes and the results obtained demonstrate the performance and the lightweight nature of the algorithm.

关键词： Autonomous vehicles collision avoidance systems embedded cameras image processing lightweight algorithms tracking transportation vehicle signal detection

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LBC-IoT: lightweight Block Cipher for IoT Constraint Devices

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第6期67卷 3563-3579页

作者： Rabie A.Ramadan Bassam W.Aboshosha Kusum Yadav Ibrahim M.Alseadoon Munawar J.Kashout Mohamed Elhoseny College of Computer Science and Engineering University of Ha’ilHa’il81481Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of EngineeringCairo UniversityCairo12613Egypt Department of Computer Engineering Higher Institute of EngineeringElshorouk AcademyCairoEgypt Faculty of Computers and Information Mansoura UniversityEgypt College of Computer Information Technology American University in the EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates

With the new era of the Internet of Things(IoT)technology,many devices with limited resources are *** devices are susceptible to a signicant number of new malware and other risks emerging *** of the most appropriate methods for securing those IoT applications is cryptographic algorithms,as cryptography masks information by eliminating the risk of collecting any meaningful information *** ensures that all data communications are private,accurate,authenticated,authorized,or *** conventional cryptographic algorithms have been developed specically for devices with limited resources;however,it turns out that such algorithms are not ideal for IoT restricted devices with their current ***,lightweight block ciphers are gaining popularity to meet the requirements of low-power and constrained devices.A new ultra-lightweight secret-key block-enciphering algorithm named“LBC-IoT”is proposed in this *** proposed block length is 32-bit supporting key lengths of 80-bit,and it is mainly based on the Feistel ***-efcient cryptographic features in“LBC-IoT”include the use of simple functions(shift,XOR)and small rigid substitution boxes(4-bit-S-boxes).Besides,it is immune to different types of attacks such as linear,differential,and side-channel as well as exible in terms of ***,LBC-IoT achieves reasonable performance in both hardware and software compared to other recent ***-IoT’s hardware implementation results are very promising(smallest ever area“548”GE)and competitive with today’s leading lightweight ***-IoT is also ideally suited for ultra-restricted devices such as RFID tags.

关键词： Security internet of things cryptographic algorithms block cipher lightweight algorithms

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Low-complexity and differential power analysis (DPA)-resistant two-folded power-aware Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) security schema implementation for IoT-connected devices

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IET COMPUTERS AND DIGITAL TECHNIQUES 2018年第6期12卷 279-288页

作者： Kaedi, Saman Doostari, Mohammad Ali Ghaznavi-Ghoushchi, Mohammad Bagher Shahed Univ Dept Elect Engn Tehran Iran Shahed Univ Dept Comp Engn Tehran Iran Shahed Univ Inst Modern Informat & Commun Technol Tehran Iran

The hardware security issues are emerging in crypto-algorithms of embedded portable Internet-of-Things-Devices (IoTD). The communication protocols/standards including MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) are enforcing additional cares in device-to-system design perspectives. Due to computation-capacity limitations (CCLs) in battery-operated IoTD, heavy-duty crypto-algorithms are prohibited. This results in compromised hardware using lightweight algorithms. In this study, a new implementation schema for hierarchically-connected IoTD for indoor applications is proposed. This schema allows the IoT network to utilise strong-crypto-algorithms (i.e. RSA) instead of lightweight algorithms (i.e. attribute-based encryption (ABE)). Therefore, without increasing the consumption power or complexity, the security in the IoT network increases. This method brings about a new low CCL RSA with two-folded power-aware implementation. Furthermore, without complexity overhead, the proposed method is more secure than the conventional implementation due to the inherent countermeasure against the side-channel attacks. The presented schema is implemented on a target IoT network, utilising in XC7A100T-FPGA as IoT nodes. Furthermore, both the conventional and the proposed RSA-2048 have been implemented in Spartan6-LX75 on a SAKURA-GW board. The results show that the proposed method has reduced the RSA execution time and consumption power of IoTD at about 50 and 60%, respectively. The most noticeable drawback of the current implementation is an overhead in the range of 30-53% on block-random access memory (RAM) usage.

关键词： telemetry Internet cryptography embedded systems Internet of Things protocols IoT-connected devices hardware security issues Internet-of-Things-Devices device-to-system design perspectives computation-capacity limitations battery-operated IoTD heavy-duty crypto-algorithms compromised hardwares lightweight algorithms hierarchically-connected IoTD strong-crypto-algorithms consumption power two-folded power-aware implementation complexity overhead target IoT network IoT nodes RSA-2048 communication standards message queuing telemetry transport IoT network DPA-resistant two-folded power-aware RSA security communication protocols CCL RSA

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Mobile Standards-Based Traffic Light Detection in Assistive Devices for Individuals with Color-Vision Deficiency

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 2015年第3期16卷 1305-1320页

作者： Almagambetov, Akhan Velipasalar, Senem Baitassova, Assel Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ Dept Comp Elect & Software Engn Prescott AZ 86301 USA Syracuse Univ Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Syracuse NY 13244 USA Natl Bank Republ Kazakhstan Alma Ata 050040 Kazakhstan

Considering the substantial population affected by some form of color-vision deficiency (CVD), reliable traffic control signal head light detection is an important problem for driver-assistance systems. While a large number of technologies can be used to localize traffic lights, without drastic changes in infrastructure, only visual information can be used in identifying the status of the light. In addition, traffic light detection is not currently integrated into any driver-assistance systems, making driving for individuals with CVD (where permitted) dangerous to other drivers, pedestrians, and themselves. This paper presents a robust, traffic-standards-based, and computationally efficient method for detecting the status of the traffic lights without relying on Global Positioning System, lidar, radar information, or prior (map-based) knowledge. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first work to use official Institute of Transportation Engineers (U.S.) and British Standards Institute (European Union) standards for defining traffic light colors, as well as integrating a number of fail-safe mechanisms designed to prevent erroneous detection. The algorithm can be easily ported over to an embedded smart camera platform and used as a windshield-mounted driver-assistance device by individuals with CVD. The system can accurately identify the status of the light at 400 ft away from the intersection, reliably detecting solid, faulty, arrow, and high-visibility signal lights. Over 50 h of video (over 2000 intersections) were tested with the system, containing intersections with one to four traffic lights, governing different lanes of traffic, with 97.5% accuracy of solid light detection.

关键词： British Standards Institute (BSI) standards color blindness color-vision deficiency (CVD) driver-assistance systems embedded systems image processing Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) standards Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) lightweight algorithms pattern recognition stand-alone devices traffic control signal head (TCSH) traffic light detection

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SCHEDA: lightweight euclidean-like heuristics for anomaly detection in periodic time series

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APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING 2019年 82卷 105594-000页

作者： Guigou, Fabio Collet, Pierre Parrend, Pierre IPLine Caluire Cuire France Univ Strasbourg ICube Lab Strasbourg France Complex Syst Digital Campus UNESCO Unitwin Paris France ECAM Strasbourg Europe Schiltigheim France

Detecting anomalies in time series in real time can be challenging, in particular when anomalies can manifest themselves at different time scales and need to be detected with minimal latency. The need for lightweight real-time algorithms has risen in the context of Cloud computing, where thousands of devices are monitored and deviations from normal behaviour must be detected to prevent incidents. However, this need has yet to be addressed in a way that actually scales to the size of today's network infrastructures. Typically, time series generated by human activity often exhibit daily and weekly patterns creating long-term dependencies that are difficult to process. In such cases, the euclidean distance between subsequences of the time series, or euclidean anomaly score, can be a very effective tool to achieve good detection within constrained latency;however, this computation has a quadratic complexity and a computational footprint too high for any realistic application. In this paper, we propose SCHEDA (Sampled Causal Heuristics for Euclidean Distance Approximation), a collection of three heuristics designed to approximate the euclidean anomaly score with a low computational footprint in time series with long-term dependencies. Our design goals are a low computational cost, the possibility of real-time operation and the absence of tuning parameters. We benchmark SCHEDA against ARIMA and the euclidean distance and show that in typical monitoring scenarios, it outperforms both at only a fraction of the computational cost. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Time series Anomaly detection Real time Cloud monitoring lightweight algorithms

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